Ch. 63 EX: 5 & 6

Question 1

The fetal kidneys and bladder may be seen on ultrasound by ____ weeks’ gestation.

Answer 1

13

Question 2

At this time period, the kidneys appear as bilateral ____ structures in the paravertebral regions.

Answer 2

Hyperechoic

Question 3

By the ____ weeks, it is possible to distinguish the renal cortex from the medulla, to ouline the renal capsule clearly, and to see a central echogenic area in the renal sinus region.

Answer 3

25

Question 4

The upper limit of normal for the renal pelves is ____ mm up to 33 weeks’ gestation and ____ mm fromm 33 weeks’ gestation until term.

Answer 4

4mm, 7mm

Question 5

If the bladder appears too large, it should be evaluated again at the end of the study ( assuming the examination takes at least ____ minutes) to see if normal emptying has occurred.

Answer 5

45 to 60 minutes

Question 6

When obstruction occurs at the level of the urethra, the bladder wall becomes ____.

Answer 6

Hypertrophied

Question 7

Dilatation of the posterior _____ is highly suggestive of an obstructive process, such as posterior urethral valve symdrome, known as the “keyhole” sighn on sonography because the dilated bladder has the shape of a keyhole superior to the obstructed urethra.

Answer 7

Urethra

Question 8

It is possible to have unilateral renal agensis, but the contralateral kidney is usually quite ____ to compensate for the abnormality.

Answer 8

Large

Question 9

The ____ kidney shows a large central cyst with multiple small peripheral cysts that appear as a pelviureteric junction obstruction; however, these cysts do no communicate with one another, as is seen with hydronephrosis.

Answer 9

Multicystic

Question 10

When the kidneys appear enlarged and echogenic, the sonographer should think of infantile ____ disease (with oligohydramnios).

Answer 10

polycystic renal

Question 11

Dilatation of the renal collection system suggests either _____ or ____.

Answer 11

Hydronephrosis or Reflux

Question 12

Pelviureteric junction obstruction shows dilatation of the renal ____, whereas ureteric dilatation suggests either a ____ junction obstruction or reflux.

Answer 12

Pelvis, Vesicouireteric

Question 13

When the hydronephrosis is ____ the possibility of bladder outlet obstruction should be considered.

Answer 13

Bilateral

Question 14

A critical marker in the ssessment of renal function is ____ ____.

Answer 14

Amniotic Fluid

Question 15

The fetal kidneys begin to excrete urine after the ____th week but do no become the major contributor of fetal urine (henice, amniotic fluid volume) until ____ to____ weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 15

11th, 14 to 16 weeks

Question 16

It usually takes at least ____ minutes to fill and empty the fetal bladder.

Answer 16

30 minutes

Question 17

Renal agenesis and infantile polycystic kidney disease are fetal conditions ____ with life.

Answer 17

Incompatible

Question 18

In renal agenesis, the ____ glands may be large and may mimic the kidneys.

Answer 18

Adrenal

Question 19

____ kidneys should be consiered when the kidneys are not in their normal retroperitoneal location.

Answer 19

Ectopic

Question 20

____ syndrome is characterized by renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet.

Answer 20

Potter’s (Harry Potter)

Question 21

Infantile polycystic kidney disease (IPKD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the fetal ____ and ____.

Answer 21

Kidneys and Liver

Question 22

In the most severe cases of IPKD, renal failure occurs with ____ and an ____ urinary bladder.

Answer 22

Oligohydramnios and an Absent

Question 23

Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is the most common form of renal ____disease in childhood and represents one of the most common abdominal masses in the neonate.

Answer 23

Cystic

Question 24

Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is composed of multiple, smooth-walled, nonfunctioning, ____ cysts of variable size and number.

Answer 24

Noncommunicating

Question 25

In autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease, the fetal kidneys appear ____and ____, and rarely, cysts may be observed prenatally.

Answer 25

Large and Echogenic

Question 26

In obstructive cystic dysplasia, renal ____ occurs 2ndary to obstruction in the first or early second trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 26

Dysplasia

Question 27

The urinary tract may be obstructed at the junction of the ureter entering the renal pelvis (_____ junction) or at the junction of the ureter where it enters the bladder (____ junction) or at the me level of the urethra (____)

Answer 27

Ureteropelvic, Ureterovesical, Megacystis

PVM

Question 28

If the obstruction is ____, a multicystic kidney may develop.

Answer 28

Early

Question 29

Late obstruction causes ____.

Answer 29

Hydronephrosis