Ch. 6 - Thinking & Intelligence

Question 1

Who were the founders of Google?

Answer 1

Larry Page & Sergey Brin

Question 2

What are computers unable to index, which the human mind is capable of?

Answer 2

Meaning, Humour, Abstract thoughts

Question 3

The idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer

Answer 3

Computer Metaphor

Question 4

Refers to thinking processes, including reasoning, imagining, judging, deciding, remembering, problem solving, and interpreting.

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

What is “thinking”?

Answer 5

A cognitive process in which the brain uses information from the senses, emotions, and memory to create and manipulate mental representations such as concepts, images, schemas, and scripts

Question 6

Mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or experiences.

Answer 6

Concepts

Question 7

Imprecise mental categories that develop out of our everyday experiences in the world

Answer 7

Natural Concepts

Question 8

How does the use of logic vary from culture to culture?

Answer 8

Some cultures may seek “truth” by comparing new ideas with the wisdom from sacred writings (Koran, the Bible, etc.), while others may rely on “common sense” which refers to thinking based on experience as opposed to logic

Question 9

A cognitive representation of physical space is a special form of visual concept

Answer 9

Cognitive Map

Question 10

An imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells

Answer 10

PET Scan

Question 11

An imaging technique that relies on cells’ responses in a high-intensity magnetic field

Answer 11

MRI

Question 12

A newer form of magnetic resonance imaging that records both brain structure and brain activity

Answer 12

fMRI

Question 13

The middle layer of the brain, involved in emotion and memory. The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures.

Answer 13

Limbic system

Question 14

The forwardmost section of the frontal lobes, associated with higher-order thinking and personality.

Answer 14

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 15

Cortical regions at the front of the brain that are especially involved in movement and in thinking.

Answer 15

Frontal Lobes

Question 16

The ability to make judgements without consciously reasoning

Answer 16

Intuition

Question 17

What is a Schema?

Answer 17

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

A cluster of related information that represents ideas or concepts in semantic memory.

Schemas provide a context for understanding objects and events; in Piaget’s theory, a mental structure or program that guides a developing child’s thought

Question 18

Knowledge about the events, objects, and actions expected in a particular situation

Answer 18

Script

Question 19

A comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

Answer 19

Analogy

Question 20

A person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study

Answer 20

Expert

Experts have extensive knowledge organized into elaborate “chunks” or schemas

Expert knowledge is so well integrated that it becomes a part of intuition

Question 21

What are the two crucial variables in developing expertise?

Answer 21

Motivation + Practice

Question 22

Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points below average (below about 70 points). More sophisticated definitions also take into account an individual’s level of social functioning and other abilities.

Answer 22

Intellectual Disability

Question 23

Often conceived as representing the upper 2 percent of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points above average (at about 130 IQ points)

Answer 23

Giftedness

Question 24

What 4 features distinguish the Binet + Simon approach?

Answer 24

1. They interpreted scores on their test as an estimate of current performance and not as a measure of innate intelligence.
2. They wanted test scores used to identify children who needed special help, not merely to categorize or label them as bright or dull.
3. They emphasized that training and opportunity could affect intelligence and wanted to pinpoint areas of performance in which special education could help certain children identified by their test.
4. They constructed the test empirically—based on how children were observed to perform—rather than tying the test to a particular theory of intelligence.

Question 25

The average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score

Answer 25

Mental Age

Question 26

Which children needed the most help based on Binet + Simon’s research?

Answer 26

Children whose mental age was 2 years behind their chronological age

Question 27

The tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance.

Answer 27

Hindsight Bias

Question 28

A numerical score on an intelligence test, originally computed by dividing the person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100.

Answer 28

Intelligence Quotient

Question 29

What is Savant Syndrome?

Answer 29

A condition in which someone with significant mental disabilities demonstrates certain abilities far in excess of average. The skills at which savants excel are generally related to memory.

This may include rapid calculation, artistic ability, map making, or musical ability.

Question 30

What are Psychometrics?

Answer 30

The field of “mental measurements.” It is the psychological specialty that has given us most of our IQ tests, achievement tests, personality tests, the SAT, and a variety of other assessment instruments.

Question 31

What was Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

Answer 31

The “g” factor.

Refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures

Question 32

What are Sternberg’s Three Parts of Intelligence?

Answer 32

Practical

Analytical

Creative

Question 33

Who is associated with the concept of Multiple Intelligences, and how many are there?

Answer 33

A term used to refer to Howard Gardner’s theory, which proposes that there are 7 (or more) forms of intelligence.