Ch. 6 - Thinking & Intelligence Flashcards
Who were the founders of Google?
Larry Page & Sergey Brin
What are computers unable to index, which the human mind is capable of?
Meaning, Humour, Abstract thoughts
The idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer
Computer Metaphor
Refers to thinking processes, including reasoning, imagining, judging, deciding, remembering, problem solving, and interpreting.
Cognition
What is “thinking”?
A cognitive process in which the brain uses information from the senses, emotions, and memory to create and manipulate mental representations such as concepts, images, schemas, and scripts
Mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or experiences.
Concepts
Imprecise mental categories that develop out of our everyday experiences in the world
Natural Concepts
How does the use of logic vary from culture to culture?
Some cultures may seek “truth” by comparing new ideas with the wisdom from sacred writings (Koran, the Bible, etc.), while others may rely on “common sense” which refers to thinking based on experience as opposed to logic
A cognitive representation of physical space is a special form of visual concept
Cognitive Map
An imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells
PET Scan
An imaging technique that relies on cells’ responses in a high-intensity magnetic field
MRI
A newer form of magnetic resonance imaging that records both brain structure and brain activity
fMRI
The middle layer of the brain, involved in emotion and memory. The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures.
Limbic system
The forwardmost section of the frontal lobes, associated with higher-order thinking and personality.
Prefrontal Cortex
Cortical regions at the front of the brain that are especially involved in movement and in thinking.
Frontal Lobes
The ability to make judgements without consciously reasoning
Intuition
What is a Schema?
A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
A cluster of related information that represents ideas or concepts in semantic memory.
Schemas provide a context for understanding objects and events; in Piaget’s theory, a mental structure or program that guides a developing child’s thought
Knowledge about the events, objects, and actions expected in a particular situation
Script
A comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.
Analogy
A person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study
Expert
Experts have extensive knowledge organized into elaborate “chunks” or schemas
Expert knowledge is so well integrated that it becomes a part of intuition
What are the two crucial variables in developing expertise?
Motivation + Practice
Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points below average (below about 70 points). More sophisticated definitions also take into account an individual’s level of social functioning and other abilities.
Intellectual Disability
Often conceived as representing the upper 2 percent of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points above average (at about 130 IQ points)
Giftedness
What 4 features distinguish the Binet + Simon approach?
- They interpreted scores on their test as an estimate of current performance and not as a measure of innate intelligence.
- They wanted test scores used to identify children who needed special help, not merely to categorize or label them as bright or dull.
- They emphasized that training and opportunity could affect intelligence and wanted to pinpoint areas of performance in which special education could help certain children identified by their test.
- They constructed the test empirically—based on how children were observed to perform—rather than tying the test to a particular theory of intelligence.
The average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score
Mental Age
Which children needed the most help based on Binet + Simon’s research?
Children whose mental age was 2 years behind their chronological age
The tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance.
Hindsight Bias
A numerical score on an intelligence test, originally computed by dividing the person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100.
Intelligence Quotient
What is Savant Syndrome?
A condition in which someone with significant mental disabilities demonstrates certain abilities far in excess of average. The skills at which savants excel are generally related to memory.
This may include rapid calculation, artistic ability, map making, or musical ability.
What are Psychometrics?
The field of “mental measurements.” It is the psychological specialty that has given us most of our IQ tests, achievement tests, personality tests, the SAT, and a variety of other assessment instruments.
What was Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence?
The “g” factor.
Refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures
What are Sternberg’s Three Parts of Intelligence?
Practical
Analytical
Creative
Who is associated with the concept of Multiple Intelligences, and how many are there?
A term used to refer to Howard Gardner’s theory, which proposes that there are 7 (or more) forms of intelligence.
