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EMTB > Ch 6 The Human Body > Flashcards

Ch 6 The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

A

Abdomen

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2
Q

The depression of the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snuggly

A

acetebelum

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3
Q

the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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4
Q

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal glands

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5
Q

pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine

A

adrenergic

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6
Q

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic metabolism

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7
Q

abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

A

agonal gasps

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8
Q

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors

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9
Q

the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

A

alveoli

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10
Q

metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid

A

anaerobic metabolism

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11
Q

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

A

anatomic position

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12
Q

the study of the physical structure of the body and its components

A

anatomy

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13
Q

the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

A

aorta

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14
Q

the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

A

appendicular skeleton

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15
Q

a small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

appendix

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16
Q

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the ____ surfaces (contact surfaces on end) of bones in synovial joints

A

articular cartilage

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17
Q

one of the two upper chambers of heart

A

atrium

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18
Q

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

A

autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

axial skeleton

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20
Q

extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron

A

axons

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21
Q

a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

A

ball-and-socket joint

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22
Q

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

A

beta-adrenergic receptors

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23
Q

the large muscle that covers the front of the humerous

A

biceps

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24
Q

the ducts that convey bile between the liver and intestine

A

bile ducts

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25
Q

the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

A

blood pressure (BP)

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26
Q

the major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

A

brachial artery

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27
Q

the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to environment, emotional responses, and judgement

A

brain

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28
Q

the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

A

brainstem

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29
Q

the heel bone

A

calcaneus

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30
Q

a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

A

cardiac output (CO)

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31
Q

the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

A

carotid artery

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32
Q

small bones that compose the wrist

A

carpals

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33
Q

the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of outer ear

A

cartilage

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34
Q

the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

A

cecum

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35
Q

a set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy; includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

A

cellular metabolism

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36
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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37
Q

one of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

A

cerebellum

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38
Q

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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39
Q

the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

A

cerebrum

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40
Q

the portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

A

cervical spine

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41
Q

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

A

chordae tendineae

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42
Q

the substance that leaves the stomach; it is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids

A

chyme

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43
Q

the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

A

circulatory system

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44
Q

the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

A

clavicle

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45
Q

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone

A

coccyx

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46
Q

an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

A

coronal (frontal) plane

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47
Q

the hip bones

A

coxae (singular: coxa)

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48
Q

the part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones

A

cranium

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49
Q

a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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50
Q

a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

A

cricothyroid membrane

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51
Q

any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as trachea and bronchi

A

dead space

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52
Q

the inner layer of skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

A

dermis

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53
Q

a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity; contraction of this (and chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs; relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

A

diaphragm

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54
Q

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

A

diastole

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55
Q

movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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56
Q

the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

A

digestion

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57
Q

the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

A

dorsalis pedis artery

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58
Q

the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

A

endocrine system

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59
Q

substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

A

enzymes

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60
Q

a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

A

epiglottis

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61
Q

a substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction

A

epinephrine

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62
Q

a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

A

esophagus

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63
Q

the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man

A

expiratory reserve volume

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64
Q

the straightening of a joint

A

extension

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65
Q

the tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum

A

fallopian tubes

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66
Q

the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery; it supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs; can be palpated in groin area

A

femoral artery

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67
Q

the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form hip joint

A

femoral head

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68
Q

the thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

A

femur

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69
Q

the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on lateral side

A

fibula

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70
Q

the bending of a joint

A

flexion

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71
Q

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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72
Q

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

A

gallbladder

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73
Q

the reproductive system in men and women

A

genital system

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74
Q

the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

A

germinal layer

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75
Q

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

A

greater trochanter

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76
Q

the small organs that produce hair

A

hair follicles

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77
Q

a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

A

heart

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78
Q

the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)

A

heart rate

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79
Q

an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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80
Q

joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; restrict motion to one plane

A

hinge joint

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81
Q

substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; the regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

A

hormones

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82
Q

the supporting bone of the upper arm

A

humerous

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83
Q

the pressure of water against the walls of its container

A

hydrostatic pressure

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84
Q

an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

A

hypercapnia/hypercarbia

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85
Q

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock

A

hypoperfusion

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86
Q

deficient oxygen concentration in tissues

A

hypoxia

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87
Q

a “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

A

hypoxic drive

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88
Q

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

ilium

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89
Q

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

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90
Q

the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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91
Q

the space in between the cells

A

interstitial space

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92
Q

tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

A

intervertebral disks

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93
Q

the space within a cell or cells

A

intracellular space

94
Q

the muscle over which a person has no conscious control; it is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body

A

involuntary muscle

95
Q

one of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

ischium

96
Q

the place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation

A

joint

97
Q

the fibrous sac that encloses a joint

A

joint capsule

98
Q

two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

A

kidneys

99
Q

the use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

A

labored breathing

100
Q

a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

A

lactic acid

101
Q

the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum; it helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste

A

large intestine

102
Q

the projection on the medial superior portion of femur

A

lesser trochanter

103
Q

bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; support and strengthen a joint

A

ligaments

104
Q

a large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

A

liver

105
Q

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest 5 nonfused vertebrae; also called dorsal spine

A

lumbar spine

106
Q

a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted

A

lymph

107
Q

tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

A

lymph nodes

108
Q

a rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called ankle bone

A

malleolus

109
Q

bone of lower jaw

A

mandible

110
Q

the upper quarter of sternum

A

manubrium

111
Q

the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

A

maxillae

112
Q

nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

A

meduulla oblongata

113
Q

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

A

metabolism

114
Q

bones of the hand

A

metacarpals

115
Q

bones of the foot

A

metatarsals

116
Q

the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

A

midbrain

117
Q

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing body into equal right and left halves

A

midsagittal (midline) plane

118
Q

the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate

A

minute volume (AKA minute ventilation)

119
Q

nerves that carry information from the CNS to the muscles of the body

A

motor nerves

120
Q

the lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

A

mucous membranes

121
Q

the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

A

mucus

122
Q

the bones and voluntary muscles of the body

A

musculoskeletal system

123
Q

the heart muscle

A

myocardium

124
Q

the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

A

nasopharynx

125
Q

the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

A

nervous system

126
Q

the functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells

A

neurons

127
Q

a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

A

norepinephrine

128
Q

the most posterior bone of the cranium

A

occipital bone

129
Q

the pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma protein

A

oncotic pressure

130
Q

the eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

A

orbit

131
Q

a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

oropharynx

132
Q

the primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus

A

ovaries

133
Q

a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

A

pancreas

134
Q

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic nervous system

135
Q

the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

A

parietal boens

136
Q

the knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

A

patella

137
Q

the study of how normal physiology processes are affected by diease

A

pathophysiology

138
Q

the supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton; it comprises the clavicles and scapulae

A

pectoral girdle/ shoulder girdle

139
Q

the supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton

A

pelvic girdle

140
Q

the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current needs of cells

A

perfusion

141
Q

the part of the nervous system that consist of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

142
Q

the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

A

peristalsis

143
Q

the bones of the fingers and toes

A

phalanges

144
Q

a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs for excretion

A

plasma

145
Q

tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

A

platelets

146
Q

the serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space

A

pleura

147
Q

the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; under normal conditions it does not exist

A

pleural space

148
Q

an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiration center

A

pons

149
Q

the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to foot

A

posterior tibial artery

150
Q

a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

A

prostate gland

151
Q

a hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

A

pubic symphysis

152
Q

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

pubis

153
Q

the major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood

A

pulmonary artery

154
Q

the flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser ciculation

A

pulmonary circulation

155
Q

the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

156
Q

the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle into the major arteries

A

pulse

157
Q

the major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

A

radial artery

158
Q

the bone on the thumb side of the forarm

A

radius

159
Q

the lowermost end of the colon

A

rectum

160
Q

cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

161
Q

a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

A

renal pelvis

162
Q

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

163
Q

the inhaling and exhaling of air; the process that exchanges CO2 from fresh air

A

respiration

164
Q

the inability of the body to move gases effectively

A

respiratory compromise

165
Q

all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing

A

respiratory system

166
Q

located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

167
Q

behind abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

168
Q

the connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

A

sacroiliac joint

169
Q

one of the three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consist of five fused vertebrae

A

sacrum

170
Q

an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right planes

A

sagittal (lateral) plane

171
Q

the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

A

salivary glands

172
Q

the should blade

A

scapula

173
Q

the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

A

scalp

174
Q

glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of hairs

A

sebaceous glands

175
Q

fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

A

Semen

176
Q

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at prostate

A

seminal vesicles

177
Q

the nerves that carry sensations from the body to the CNS

A

sensory nerves

178
Q

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions

A

shock (hypoperfusion)

179
Q

muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint

A

skeletal, voluntary, striated muscle

180
Q

the framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues

A

skeletal system

181
Q

portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

small intestine

182
Q

involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

A

smooth muscle

183
Q

the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

somatic nervous system

184
Q

muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter tubes (ex found in rectum, bladder, and blood vessels)

A

sphincters

185
Q

a device used to measure BP

A

sphygmomanometer

186
Q

an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. lies inside of and is protected by spinal canal

A

spinal cord

187
Q

the breast bone

A

sternum

188
Q

the outermost or dead layer of skin

A

stratum corneum

189
Q

the volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

stroke volume (SV)

190
Q

tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

A

subcutaneous tissue

191
Q

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into heart

A

superior vena cava

192
Q

the glands that secrete sweat, located in dermal layer of skin

A

sweat glands

193
Q

the adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the fight-or-flight response

A

sympathetic nervous system

194
Q

joints that have grown together to form a very stable connecting

A

symphyses

195
Q

the small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

A

synovial fluid

196
Q

the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

A

synovial membrane

197
Q

the portion of the circulatory system outside of the lungs and heart

A

systemic circulation

198
Q

the resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

199
Q

the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

A

systole

200
Q

the group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsal bones of the foot

A

tarsals

201
Q

the lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

A

temporal bones

202
Q

the fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

tendons

203
Q

a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

A

testicle

204
Q

the chest or rib cage

A

thoracic cage

205
Q

the 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae; one pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae

A

thoracic spine

206
Q

the chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

A

thorax

207
Q

a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

208
Q

the shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

A

tibia

209
Q

the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500mL for an adult

A

tidal volume

210
Q

the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

A

topographical anatomy

211
Q

the windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

A

trachea

212
Q

an imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom

A

transverse (axial) plane

213
Q

the muscle in the back of the upper arms

A

triceps

214
Q

the middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

A

tunica media

215
Q

the inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

A

ulna

216
Q

the navel; AKA belly button

A

umbilicus

217
Q

a small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureter

218
Q

the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

A

urethra

219
Q

a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

A

urinary bladder

220
Q

the organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

A

urinary system

221
Q

the outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal

A

vagina

222
Q

the movement of air between the lungs and environment

A

ventilation

223
Q

one of two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricle

224
Q

the bones of the vertebral column

A

vertebrae

225
Q

the structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks; houses and protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral column AKA spinal column

226
Q

muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will

A

voluntary, skeletal, striated muscle

227
Q

a measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

A

V/Q ratio

228
Q

blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection

A

white blood cells AKA leukocytes

229
Q

the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

230
Q

the quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, and zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the greath wings of the sphenoid bone

A

zygomas

EMTB (12 decks)

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