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Anatomy Lecture > Ch 6 Skeletal > Flashcards

Ch 6 Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What bones fuse together after birth?

A

Frontal of the skull, mandible, pelvic bone, and coccyx

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2
Q

Extra pieces usually found within a suture joint

A

Sutural bones

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3
Q

Bones embedded in a tendon or a muscle near joint surfaces

A

Sesamoid bones

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4
Q

Reduced friction between bones

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Connect one bone to another bone

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

Substances (material) surrounding bone cells

A

Bone matrix

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8
Q

What compound provides weight bearing strength

A

Hard calcium

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9
Q

What provides flexible strength

A

Collagen fibers

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10
Q
  • Cells that add calcium compounds to bone matrix
  • build bone matrix
A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q
  • cells that secret acids and enzymes that dissolve bone matrix
    -breaks down bone matrix and calcium ions are released into the bloodstream
A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q
  • cells that support and nourish bone matrix
  • mature bone cells
A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

Forms the hard outer shell of the bones

A

Compact bone

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14
Q

Concentre rings of bone matrix

A

Lamellae

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15
Q

Small spaces that contain osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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16
Q

Contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Central canal

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17
Q

Tiny passageway between osteocytes and the central canal

A

Canaliculi

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18
Q

-Forms inside of bone
- spaces are filled with bone marrow

A

Spongy bone

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19
Q

Needle-like of plates of bone

A

Trabecuale

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20
Q

Sites of blood cell production

A

Red marrow

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21
Q

Stores adipose

A

Yellow marrow

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22
Q

At birth is all bone marrow red or yellow

A

Red

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23
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults

A

Flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula, pelvic bone, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur

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24
Q

Center shaft of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

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25
Q

What is the diaphysis made up of?

A

Compact bone

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26
Q

Hollow cavity filled with adipose

A

Marrow cavity

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27
Q

At the proximal and distal ends of the bone

A

Epiphysis

28
Q

What type of bone does the epiphysis contain?

A

Spongy bone

29
Q

Covers the epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage

30
Q

Tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bone

A

Periosteum

31
Q

Inner membrane that contains bone cells

A

Endosteum

32
Q

Bone formation- replacing other tissues with bone

A

Ossification

33
Q

One tissue replaces cartilage- most bones (including long bones) are formed this way

A

Endochondral ossification

34
Q

-Bone development within sheets of membranes of fibrous connective tissue
- bones formed this including flat bones of the skull, mandible, and the clavicle

A

Intramembranous ossification

35
Q

Deposition of calcium salts

A

Calcification

36
Q

Hyaline cartilage forms miniature models of future bones

A

Cartilage model

37
Q
  • Starts at the outer part of the diaphysis
  • chondrocytes in the diaphysis enlarge and the matrix begins to calcify
A

Bony collar bone formation

38
Q
  • diaphysis is the first place
  • new osteoblasts form spongy bone
A

Primary ossification center

39
Q
  • Epiphyses begin to calcify and fill with spongy bone
  • osteoclast begins to break down spongy bone in the diaphysis
A

Secondary ossification centers

40
Q
  • growth plates made up of hyaline cartilage
  • lengthwise growth occurs as chondrocytes divide by mitosis
  • cartilage near the diaphysis is replaced with bone as osteoblasts add bone matrix
A

Epiphysis plate

41
Q
  • remnants of growth plate
  • indicates all the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate has been replaced by bone and therefore growth has stopped
A

Epiphyseal lines

42
Q

Growth in width of bone

A

Appositional growth

43
Q

Give bone weight bearing strength

A

Calcium and phosphate salts

44
Q

Needed for collage synthesis

A

Vitamin C

45
Q

Stimulates osteoblasts

A

Vitamin A

46
Q

Increases calcium absorption from the digestive tract

A

Vitamin D3

47
Q

Promotes growth at epiphyseal plate by stimulating chondrocytes and osteoblasts to divide (mitosis)

A

Growth hormone

48
Q

Adjusts the activities of GH

A

Thyroid hormone

49
Q
  • Initially stimulated bone growth
  • change the race between chondrocytes and osteoblasts in divide (mitosis)
A

Estrogen and testosterone

50
Q
  • adjust bone architecture to meet changing mechanical needs
  • helps repair micro-damages to bone matrix and prevent accumulation of old bone
A

Bone remodeling

51
Q

Break down and remove old/damaged bone matrix

A

Osteoclast (bone remodeling)

52
Q

Build and lay down new bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts (bone remodeling)

53
Q

Bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

A

Wolff’s law

54
Q

Functions of Ca2+

A
  • blood clotting
  • muscle contraction
  • release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
    -role in electrical signals in nerve cells
55
Q
  • low blood calcium levels
  • muscle spasms
  • tingling sensations
  • convulsions if there is a 35% decrease in blood Ca2+
A

Hypocalcemia

56
Q
  • high blood calcium levels
  • muscle weakness
  • kidney stones
  • confusion
A

Hypercalcemia

57
Q
  • from the parathyroid glands
  • stimulus for its release is low blood Ca2+ levels
  • overall function is to help increase blood Ca2+
A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

58
Q

Vitamin D3 is needed for it to be made
- works with PTH to reduce Ca2+ loss in urine
- enhances Ca2+ absorption from the intestines into the blood

A

Calcitriol from the kidneys

59
Q

Helps lower blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoblasts

A

Calcitonin

60
Q

Collections of blood confined within an organ or spaces

A

Hematoma

61
Q

Connective tissue fibers and cartilage

A

Callus formation

62
Q

Between the ends of the broken bones

A

Internal callus

63
Q

Collar around the break

A

External callus

64
Q

Formation of spongy bone
- replaces cartilage of the internal and external calluses

A

Callus ossification

65
Q
  • compact bone replaces spongy bone
  • part of the internal callus is removed restoring the marrow cavity
A

Remodeling

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

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