Ch 3 Flashcards
All material inside the cell
Cytoplasm
Proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place and enable the cell to change shape
Cytoskeleton
Attach the cell membrane to the underlying cytoplasm
Microfilaments
Strengthen and stabilize the cell
Intermediate filaments
Involved in the movement and transport of materials within the cell and is involved in cell division
Microtubules
Make proteins and are the workstations where amino acids are strung together to make protein
Ribosomes
Are not attached to any other organelles and they function inside the cell
Free ribosomes
Are attached to another organelle and are secreted from the cell or inserted in the cell membrane
Fixed ribosomes
Network of membranous channels (tubes) that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
-Has fixed ribosomes attached to the outer surface
- modifies newly made proteins and folds proteins into their proper shape
- sends proteins to another organelle called the Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- has nothing attached to the outer surface
-produced lipid based substances (steroids, hormones, phospholipids and cholesterol) - contains enzymes to break down organic chemicals
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-Receives newly synthesized proteins from the RER
- further modifies and processes the protein
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus packages the proteins into sacs called?
Vesicles
Vesicles containing degradative enzymes and acids to break down pathogens and damaged organelles
Lysosomes
Synthesize ATP
Mitochondria
Which organic molecules are used for energy?
Glucose and fats (O2)
- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
-in the inner membrane of mitochondria are needed
Enzymes
-Composed of ribose sugar, adenine base and three phosphate groups
- energy is released by breaking a high energy phosphate bond
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
-The genetic information to build and run organisms and is found in the nucleus of cells
- contains the instructions to make proteins
- is two strands of nucleotides coiled into a double helix
DNA
The two DNA strands are not identical they are complementary, which 2 nitrogenous bases are complementary?
T only binds with A
C only binds with G
-A set of 3 nitrogenous bases on one strand of DNA
- each one codes for one amino acid
Triplet codes
-entire length of both DNA stands
-each _____ contains instructions to make many proteins
-human cells have 23 pairs (46 total)
Chromsomes
-one segment of a chromosome
-each _____ contains instructions to make one specific protein
Gene
-is involved in the synthesize (production) of proteins in the cytoplasm of the cell
-is a single stand of nucleotide
- nitrogenous bases include: A, U, G, and C
RNA
Type of RNA: is a single (straight) of nucleotides
mRNA
A set of three mRNA nitrogenous bases that is complimentary to a triplet of DNA is called
Codon
Type of RNA: single stand of nucleotides that is bent
-one amino acid is attached to the upper part
tRNA
A set of three tRNA nitrogenous bases that is complimentary to mRNA codon is called an
Anticodon
-occurs in the nucleus
-DNA uncoils and two strands separate
- a segment of one strand of DNA is copied to make a complimentary strand of mRNA
Transcription
-occurs in the ribosome
-amino acids are strung together in the proper sequence
-anticodon of each tRNA bind to a codon of mRNA
Translation
-cell is not dividing and the cell is performing its normal function
- DNA is loosely called and is not visible under a microscope
Interphase
Cell division
Mitosis
Copies chromosome (each one is a sister chromatid) are visible under a microscope
Prophase
-sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
-spindle fibers attach to each sister chromatid
Metaphase
-sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers
- each sister chromatid moves to opposite ends of the cell and is now called a chromosome
Anaphase
Protein strands formed by centrioles
Spindle fibers
-separates the cells interior from the exterior
- is made up of a bilayer phospholipid
Cell membrane
-water soluble
-water loving
Hydrophilic head
-Not soluble in water
- water fearing
Hydrophobic tails
Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions occurring at the cell membrane
Enzymes
Proves that bind to specific chemicals (hormones) that will alter cellular activity
Receptors in the cell membrane
Proteins that help transport specific substances into or out of the cell
Channels and transporters in the cell membrane
Short, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane
Microvili
Long, hair-like projections that sweep substances from one area to another
Cilia
Separate the substances inside the cell from the substances outside the cell
The cell membrane
Fluid substances outside the cell
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid between cells
Interstitial fluid
Fluid and substances inside the cell
Intracelular fluid (ICF)
The cell membrane allows some substances to enter or exit the cell but prohibits the passage of other substances into or out of the cell
Selectively permeable (semipermeable)
-energy from ATP is not needed to move substances (or water) into or out of cells
- ex diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Passive transport
Energy from ATP is needed to move substances into or out of cells
Active transport
Substances move into or out of the cell directly through the phospholipid bilayer
Simple transport
Substances move into or out of the cell through protein transporters
Facilitated transport
