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Nutrition Kin 1F03 > Ch 6: Proteins > Flashcards

Ch 6: Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

chem structure of amino acids

A
  • composed of C, H, O, N
  • central C, w H and unique side chain that gives it its functional properties
  • amino group : NH2
  • carboxylic acid group : COOH
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2
Q

essential and non essential amino acids

and how many of each?

A

9 essential
11 non essential
–non essential can sometimes become conditionally essential

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3
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined together by a condensation rxn bw amino group on one and the acid group of another
- most proteins are polypeptides = chains of 10 or more

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4
Q

primary structure amino acid sequencing

A

sequence of amino acids

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5
Q

tertiary structure amino acid sequencing

A

complex structure due to side chain properties ex hydrophillic

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6
Q

secondary structure amino acid sequencing

A
  • determined by weak electrical attractions w/in chain

- results in twisting or folding of protein

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7
Q

quaternary structure amino acid sequencing

A
  • interactions b/w polypeptide chains

- form subunits w/in a protein which each have diff structure and function

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8
Q

protein denaturation

A

disturbs stability
results in loss of functional ability
causes protein to uncoil and lose its shape
- accomplished by heat, acid or other conditions
ex. cooking an egg

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9
Q

protein digestion in the stomach

A

HCl uncoils proteins, exposing peptide bonds to pepsin

results in smaller peptides being left

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10
Q

protein digestion in small intestine

A
  • pancreatic and intestinal proteases split polypeptides into tri- and dipeptides and amino acids
  • enzymes of surface of sm intestinal cells hydrolyze the smaller peptides into amino acids that can be absorbed
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11
Q

protein absorption

A
  • amino acids must be transported into intestinal cells by specific carriers
  • once amino acids are in intestinal cells, they’re used for energy, synthesis of other compounds
  • unused protein are sent to the liver via the bloodstream
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12
Q

does the digestive tract distinguish b/w proteins?

A

no. it treats them all the same. fair freak

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13
Q

protein synthesis

A
  • info in DNA needs to be transcribed
  • DNA acts as template for mRNA which copies the DNA
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus, attaches to ribosomes which are the protein making machines of cells
  • info on mRNA needs to be translated by tRNA
  • tRNA collects amino acids from cell fluid and attaches them in sequence based on template
  • protein is released
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14
Q

sequencing errors in protein synthesis

A

can result in mutations or proteins could have no function
- ex sickle cell anemia caused by protein sequencing error and results in Hb no longer being able to carry oxygen properly

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15
Q

name all the ROLES OF PROTEINS

A
  • building materials (growth, maintenance, repair)
  • hormones
  • enzymes (catalyze reactions)
  • fluid balance (attract water inside cells)
  • acid/base balance (accept and release H+)
  • transporters ex Hb or Na+/K+ pump
  • antibody production
  • provide energy and glucose
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16
Q

protein metabolism includes:

A

protein turnover

nitrogen balance

17
Q

protein turnover

A

proteins are constantly being synthesized and degraded

- the body doesn’t store proteins like it does lipids and glucose

18
Q

nitrogen balance

A 
- equilibrium of nitrogen (N in = N out)
positive nitrogen: N in > N out
ex. growing
negative nitrogen: N in < N out
ex. injured significantly
19
Q

amino acids are used to make ___?

A
  • energy and glucose
  • fat
  • compounds ex neurotransmitters
20
Q

deamination reactions

A
  • removing amino groups (they contain N)
  • results in NH3 being produced and the remaining carbon structure is a keto acid used for energy to make glucose or non essential amino acids
    • in order for amino acids to be used they must be deaminated
21
Q

converting ammonia to urea

A

this is how we rid our body of excess nitrogen

  • NH3 is toxic, urea is less so
  • liver combines ammonia w CO2 to make urea
  • urea released into blood and is passed through kidneys
22
Q

people who consume a lot of protein must _

A

must drink a lot of water to dilute and excrete urea from the body

23
Q

protein quality is determine by

A
  • digestability

- amino acid composition

24
Q

digestability

A

depends on source of protein
animal: 90-99%
soy and legume: >90%
plant: 70-90%

25
Q

amino acid composition

A

we do not make partial proteins

we must get all 9 essential amino acids

26
Q

complementary proteins

A

means combining plant proteins to create full amino acids complement

27
Q

PDCAAS

A

stands for: protein digestability-corrected amino acid score

- measures protein quality from low to high (0 -> 100)

28
Q

examples of protein sources that rank high on the PDCAAS

A

egg white, ground beef, chicken, tuna, skim milk

29
Q

Protein Energy Undernutrition (PEU)

A
  • 1 in 4 children, poor growth
  • most prevalent form of malnutrition globally
  • results in infections (antibodies degraded)
  • it is curable w rehydration, electrolytes, grad add protein to diet
30
Q

what are the 2 forms of PEU most often found in children

A

Maramus: children less than 2 yo
Kwashiorkor: children 1-3 yo , results usually when weaned off of breast milk

31
Q

other health effects of amino acids

A
  • cardiovascular disease (animal protein w sat. fat & chol)
  • colon cancer from processed meat
  • osteoporosis (increased ca2+ excretion)
  • weight control (satiety) , could result in other nutrient deficiencies
  • kidney disease only if you have weak ones already
32
Q

AMDR for protein

A

10-35% total energy intake

33
Q

RDA for protein

A

0.8 g/ kg body weight/day

34
Q

protein supplementation

A

powders: do not build muscle unless taken when exercising
- excess load on kidneys
single amino acid supp: no benefit, toxicity, can lead to deficiencies in other amino acids

35
Q

nutritional genomics

A

look at how genes affect interaction bw diet and disease and how nutrients affect our genes

36
Q

sarcopenia

divided into what 2 categories

A
  • brought on by frailty
    2 categories:
    myopenia: loss of muscle qty (1%/yr)
    dynapenia: loss of muscle strength (3%/year)
37
Q

what is the optimal dose of protein?

A

1.62-2.2 g/kg bodyweight/day

38
Q

what is the goal of protein supplementation?

A

to increase muscle protein syntheis

Nutrition Kin 1F03 (6 decks)

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