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nutrition exam 2 > Ch. 6 Minerals > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of deficiencies in American diet

A 
Inadequate nutrient-rich foods in diet
Fad diets
Systemic disorders 
Age
Gender
Race
Cultural habits
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2
Q

Combination of vitamins and minerals needed for optimal health

A

Essential molecules

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3
Q

Noncaloric vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities for the body

A

Micronutrients

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4
Q

Are minerals organic or inorganic

A

Inorganic (do not contain carbon)

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5
Q

Minerals must be _____ to function in the body

A

Dissolved in solvent (usually water)

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6
Q

Most minerals function in their ____ form

A

Ionic

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7
Q

Is turnover of minerals in the body required?

A

YES

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8
Q

Where are minerals found?

A

Many body tissues

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9
Q

Minerals needed in quantities > 100 mg/day

A

Major minerals

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10
Q

What are major minerals also called?

A

Macrominerals

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11
Q

The major minerals are :

A 
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium 
Phosphorus (phosphate) 
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
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12
Q

Minerals needed in quantities less that 100 mg/day

A

Trace minerals

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13
Q

How many trace minerals are there?

A

More than 30

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14
Q

Roles of minerals in the body

A

Converting macronutrients (glucose, proteins, fats) into energy
Synthesizing or activating enzymes
Forming hormones
Forming vitamins form precursor molecules
Forming RBCs and WBCs and recycling minerals from broken down cells
Growth and development of the brain
Immune system function
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
Intercellular and extracellular fluid balance and homeostasis
Forming connective tissue
Functions as antioxidants

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15
Q

What is ATP?

A

The form of chemical energy cells can use

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16
Q

Minerals convert macronutrients to energy to produce ATP to..

A

Power cellular processes

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17
Q

Examples of connective tissue that minerals help form

A

Blood
Bone
Fibers
Cartilage

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18
Q

What food groups contain food lush in minerals

A

All

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19
Q

____ and _____ impact the mineral content of food sources

A

Soil, environmental conditions

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20
Q

How do minerals enter the food chain?

A

Plants absorbing them from soil and water, animals eat the plants, the decaying plant and animals recycle minerals back into the environment and soil

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21
Q

Absorption of minerals

A

Largely from the intestine
In ionic forms
Minerals are NOT digested

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22
Q

Storage of minerals

A

Very limited capacity to store minerals in the organs

Excess mineral consumption results in excretion from the kidney

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23
Q

Minerals are available for use in body functions. It involves…

A

Absorption
Transport to location for use
Transformation to usable by cells

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24
Q

Imbalances in minerals lead to

A

Dysfunction

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25
Q

Antioxidants, flavonoids, phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables

A

Phytochemicals

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26
Q

Phytates or oxalates are phytochemicals that can

A

Prevent absorption of minerals when in excessive amounts

Cause mineralization within organs when in excessive amounts

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27
Q

Usual causes of mineral deficiency

A

Restriction or elimination of mineral rich foods in diet

Deficiency in vitamin needed to facilitate absorption or activation of the mineral

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28
Q

Groups that may be deficient in minerals

A

Lactose intolerant (calcium)
Anorexic (potassium)
Young women 20-29 (iodine)
Children and women of child bearing age (iron)
Vegetarians/vegans (zinc)
People taking drugs and alcohol (potassium and magnesium)

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29
Q

Most common mineral deficiencies

A 
Calcium 
Zinc
Iron 
Magnesium
Iodide
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30
Q

Mineral excess is

A

Rare

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31
Q

Most common mineral taken in excess in the United States is

A

Sodium

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32
Q

What do electrolytes regulate

A

Neutral transmission
Muscle cell contraction
Acid base balance in blood
Intra/extra cellular water balance

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33
Q

What do electrolytes do?

A

Regulate body functions
Sodium potassium pump
Acid base balance

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34
Q

Active transport of mineral ions across semipermeable membrane and assists in sending messages along cell membranes in neutral transmission

A

Sodium potassium pump

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35
Q

Adjusts pH of blood within small tolerance levels preventing acidosis or alkalosis

A

Acid base balance

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36
Q

Electrolytes in the human body

A 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium
Calcium 
Magnesium 
Phosphate
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37
Q

Function of sodium

A

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure and conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

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38
Q

Food sources of sodium

A

Many sources; mik products, beets, celery, red meat

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39
Q

Sodium

A

(Na+)

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40
Q

Deficiency of sodium

A

Hyponatremia

Rare and occurs with organ failures and diuretic medication

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41
Q

Excess of sodium

A

Hypernatremia
“Salty Six” breads cold cuts pizza poultry canned soup and fast food
Dehydration

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42
Q

Potassium

A

(K+)

43
Q

What does potassium do?

A

Participated in maintaining fluid balance
Assists with muscle contraction
Contributes to bone health by helping to prevent calcium loss from bones

44
Q

Deficiency of potassium

A

Hypokalemia
Rare but can occur with diuretic medication, kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, bulimia, excessive fluid loss due to diarrhea and vomiting

45
Q

Often potassium is lost when these medications work in the kidney and results in

A

Diuretic medication
Reduction of blood pressure
And reduction of edema in heart lungs and liver

46
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Too little potassium

47
Q

Chloride

A

(Cl-)

48
Q

Chloride works with sodium in what

A

Fluid balance

49
Q

Chloride is a component in what?

A

Stomach acid (HCl) to change the nature of proteins in food and helps kill bacteria

50
Q

Minerals for energy metabolism

A 
Phosphate 
Magnesium 
Manganese
Iodide
Chromium
51
Q

Phosphate

A

(P)

52
Q

Phosphate functions in the body

A

Assists in formation of teeth and bones and reduction of ATP to release energy

53
Q

Phosphate deficiency

A

Severe malnutrition alcoholism, severe burns and certain chronic diseases

54
Q

Phosphate excesses

A

Dialysis patients
Massive infection
Crushing injuries
Excessive supplementation

55
Q

Magnesium

A

(MG⬇️2+)

56
Q

Functions of magnesium

A

Mineralizes teeth and bones
Neutral transmission and muscle contraction
Protein synthesis
Production of energy

57
Q

Sources of magnesium

A

Green leafy vegetables - comes from chlorophyll

58
Q

Deficiency of magnesium

A

Starvation diet, malabsorption syndrome, kidney or intestinal dysfunction

59
Q

Excesses of magnesium

A

Causes loss of calcium from bone, low blood pressure, and cardiac arrest

60
Q

Manganese

A

(Mn)

61
Q

Functions of manganese

A

Participates in enzyme reactions: carb metabolism
Production of neural transmission substances
Participates in wound repair

62
Q

Sources of manganese

A

Green tea

Brown rice

63
Q

Deficiency of manganese

A

Growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities

64
Q

Excesses of manganese

A

Tremors, difficulty walking, irritability, hallucinations

65
Q

Iodide

A

(I-)

66
Q

Functions of iodide

A

Component of thyroid hormones
Regulate protein synthesis and enzyme function
Fetal development
Immune system function

67
Q

Sources of iodide

A

Iodized salt

68
Q

Deficiency of iodide

A

During pregnancy: miscarriage/still birth
Growth retardation, mental deficits, others
Goiter

69
Q

Excesses of iodide

A

Goiter

70
Q

Function of chromium

A

Mobilization of glucose for the function of insulin on cells

71
Q

Sources of chromium

A

Meats
Whole grains
Broccoli

72
Q

Chromium deficiency

A

Associated with type II diabetes

73
Q

Excesses of chromium

A

Can result in either a deficiency or an excess in the mineral

74
Q

Minerals for tissue synthesis

A 
Calcium
Fluoride
Zinc
Phosphate
Magnesium
75
Q

Functions of calcium

A

Contributes to muscle contraction, nerve transmission, hormone production
Major component of teeth and bones
Maintaining normal heart rhythm and blood clotting

76
Q

Sources of calcium

A

Dairy products, soy, almond milk

77
Q

Deficiency of calcium

A

Hypocalcemia
Osteomalacia (bone mineralization reduced)
Osteopenia (insufficient calcium in blood)
Rickets (children appear bow legged)

78
Q

Excesses of calcium

A

Usually caused by excessive supplementation

May contribute to CVD/calcification but may also improve blood pressure

79
Q

Fluoride

A

(F-)

80
Q

Functions of fluoride

A

Increased retention of calcium in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite crystals

81
Q

Sources or fluoride

A

Ground water
Tea
Gelatin

82
Q

Deficiency of fluoride

A

Increased incidence of dental decay and bone fractures in geriatric patients

83
Q

Excesses of fluoride

A

When occurring during tooth development: fluorosis

84
Q

Zinc functions

A

Participates in enzymatic actions
Wound healing, immune system
Protein synthesis and cell division

85
Q

Sources of zinc

A

Red meat, shellfish, poultry

86
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

May occur in lactating mothers and their infants and vegetarians

87
Q

Excesses of zinc

A

Present in dentures adhesive, use in small amounts

May alter copper absorption, iron and immune system functions, and cholesterol levels

88
Q

Minerals needed for red blood cell synthesis

A

Iron

Copper

89
Q

Functions of iron

A

Component of hemoglobin

Synthesis of proteins

90
Q

Sources of iron

A

Heme iron- animal sources
Nonheme iron- plant sources
Absorption enhanced in the presence of foods containing vitamin c

91
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Bleeding, malabsorption syndromes, intestinal parasites
Food insecure households/most prevalent nutritional problem in the world
Anemia

92
Q

Excesses of iron

A

Most toxic mineral in large enough quantities

Hemochromatosis (hereditary disease)

93
Q

Functions of copper

A

Aids in absorption of iron
Regulates energy production and formation of cells
Antioxidant

94
Q

Sources of copper

A

Animal and plant foods; shellfish, leafy greens, dried fruits, cocoa

95
Q

Deficiency of copper

A

Rare but can occur in malabsorption diseases

Can result in osteoporosis and anemia

96
Q

Excesses of copper

A

Results in hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, kidney damage

97
Q

Antioxidant minerals

A

Selenium
Sulfur
Both work with vitamins a, c, e

98
Q

Functions of selenium

A

Antioxidant in combination with vitamin e
Thyroid hormone metabolism
DNA synthesis

99
Q

Sources of selenium

A

Plants grown in selenium rich soil

100
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Cardiac weakness, osteoarthritis, dialysis, HIV

Areas where selenium is not found in soil: Asia

101
Q

Excess of selenium

A

Heart attack, respiratory distress, neurological problems

102
Q

Functions of sulfur

A

Component of biotin and thiamin vitamins
Component of enzymes that help with metabolism and removal of drugs
Assists with liver function

103
Q

Source of sulfur

A

Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, food preservatives

104
Q

Deficiency and excesses of sulfur

A

None known

nutrition exam 2 (3 decks)

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