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PSY 230 > Ch 6: Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Ch 6: Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

According to Piaget and Erikson, what makes Middle Childhood unique?

A

Our ability to transcend immediate appearances and control our emotions to work for a goal

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2
Q

According to Piaget, what stage is middle Childhood?

A

Concrete operations

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3
Q

What is the concrete operations stage?

A

Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is like adults, they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, but they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.

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4
Q

What age is considered middle Childhood?

A

Age 7 to 12

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5
Q

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is middle Childhood?

A

Industry versus inferiority

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6
Q

At what pace do the frontal lobes develop?

A

Very slowly

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7
Q

What motor skill changes happen in elementary school?

A

Motor skills expand, but kids spend less time outdoors

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8
Q

What is childhood obesity?

A

A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children

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8
Q

What can adults do to promote children’s physical development?

A

Encourage outdoor activities, but don’t hover over the child

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9
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

the fatty neural cover of the cerebral cortex that continues to grow into our twenties

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9
Q

How long does the human cerebral cortex take to mature?

A

More than two decades

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10
Q

What is synaptogensis?

A

the making of billions of connections between neurons

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11
Q

What are the frontal lobes?

A

the area at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions

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12
Q

Why are children today less proficient physically than in the past?

A

Children no longer regularly play outside

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13
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body mass index, the ratio of a person’s weight to height, the main indicator of being overweight or underweight

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14
Q

What is the information-processing perspective on memory?

A

Cognitive development may be explained by children’s increasing memory capacity, and increasing ability to concentrate, plan ahead, control their thoughts, feelings, and actions

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15
Q

What are examples of executive functions?

A

Rehearsal, selective attention, and inhibition

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16
Q

What are the features of ADHD?

A

Deficits in executive functions, problems with working memory, inhibition, and selective attention, trouble quickly processing information

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17
Q

What are the causes of ADHD?

A

Mostly genetic, epigenetic forces can be involved like maternal smoking to being born premature, tied to a lower than normal output of dopamine

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18
Q

What are treatments for ADHD?

A

Psycho-stimulant medication and caregiver training

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19
Q

What is working memory?

A

“Executive processor,” the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material we can keep in our awareness at a single time. This material is either processes for more permanent storage or lost.

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20
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses, the frontal lobe feat of self-control

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21
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory, older children do this

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22
Q

What is selective attention?

A

A learning strategy in which we manage our awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information, older children do this

23
What is inhibition?
Not doing what we feel like, a continual socialization goal
24
What are information processing guidelines for younger children?
Young children need regular prompting, encouragement for physical activity and collaborative play, and will have trouble inhibiting strong impulses
25
What are information processing guidelines for middle Childhood?
Actively teach study skills, scaffold organizational strategies, multiple tasks will be problematic- instead build structure for difficult executive function tasks, have children do tasks away from distractions and temptations
26
What is ADHD?
The most common childhood learning disorder in the U.S., disproportionally affecting boys, defined by inattention and hyperactivity at home and school
27
What is dopamine?
The neurotransmitter that modulated sensitive to rewards
28
What are strategies that can support a child with ADHD?
Background noise, small immediate reinforcers, physical activity, games, avoid power assertion, lots of love, make sure child is in good childhood-environment fit
29
What are internalizing tendencies?
A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression
30
What are externalizing tendencies?
A personality style that involves acting on our impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively
30
As children grow older, what changes in self-awareness and self-esteem?
Concrete operational children think about themselves in psychological terms, accurately scan their abilities, and evaluate themselves in comparison to their peers. Self esteem declines.
31
What are the perils of very low self esteem?
Inhibiting success, helpless and hopeless attitude does not inspire change
31
What are the perils of very high self esteem?
Denying reality
31
What forces affect prosocial behavior?
Individual, gender
32
What are the different types of aggression?
Proactive, reactive, relational, direct
33
What forces may produce an aggressive child?
Temperament evokes harsh discipline, rejection from teachers and peers, hostile worldview, aggressive peers, chaotic surroundings
34
What is emotional regulation?
The capacity to manage our emotional state
35
What is self awareness?
Our perceptions about ourselves, the capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
36
What is self esteem?
Evaluating ourselves as good or bad, based on our comparisons to other people, first becomes a major issue in elementary school
37
What areas do children draw on to determine self esteem?
Scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, athletic skills, peer likability, and physical appearance
38
What is prosocial behavior?
Sharing, helping, caring actions
39
What is empathy?
Feeling the emotion another person is experiencing
40
What is sympathy?
feeling upset for a person who needs help, necessary for acting prosocially
41
What is aggression?
Hostile or destructive act
42
What is a hostile attributional bias?
tendency of aggressive children to misread other people's actions as threatening when they are benign
43
What factors contribute to choosing prosocial behavior?
Merit, friendship, need
44
What interventions support prosocial behavior?
Using theory of mind to empathize with people not in your tribe, mind-minded parenting style such as being alert to children's feelings and attribute prosocial behavior to their personality, remind children of prosocial acts they did in the past, use induction (empathizing with the pain they caused others) when child acted in a hurtful way, support information processing skills
45
What are the features of friendship?
Protection and enhancement of the developing self, teaching emotional regulation and conflict management, having similar values
46
What are the features of popularity?
Relational aggression and competition
47
Which qualities make children unpopular?
Externalizing and often internalizing problems, social anxiety, reactive aggression, standing out, not fitting into traditional general roles, differing incomes, disabilities
48
Why do some rejected children succeed in adult life?
They are able to choose their friend circles,
49
What does research about bullying say?
10-20% are bully victims, but most have internalizing issues and are unlikely to fight back
50
What is bullying?
Harass or target a specific person for systematic abuse
51
What are bully victims?
Aggressive children who repeatedly bully and get victimized
52
What is cyber bullying?
systematic harassment conducted online or via text, more toxic than traditional bullying
53
What is bystander behavior?
applauding or passively watching as someone is being victimized, which encourages the bully's behavior

PSY 230 (4 decks)

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