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PSY 230 > Ch 6: Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Ch 6: Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

According to Piaget and Erikson, what makes Middle Childhood unique?

A

Our ability to transcend immediate appearances and control our emotions to work for a goal

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2
Q

According to Piaget, what stage is middle Childhood?

A

Concrete operations

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3
Q

What is the concrete operations stage?

A

Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is like adults, they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, but they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.

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4
Q

What age is considered middle Childhood?

A

Age 7 to 12

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5
Q

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is middle Childhood?

A

Industry versus inferiority

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6
Q

At what pace do the frontal lobes develop?

A

Very slowly

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7
Q

What motor skill changes happen in elementary school?

A

Motor skills expand, but kids spend less time outdoors

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8
Q

What is childhood obesity?

A

A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children

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8
Q

What can adults do to promote children’s physical development?

A

Encourage outdoor activities, but don’t hover over the child

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9
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

the fatty neural cover of the cerebral cortex that continues to grow into our twenties

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9
Q

How long does the human cerebral cortex take to mature?

A

More than two decades

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10
Q

What is synaptogensis?

A

the making of billions of connections between neurons

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11
Q

What are the frontal lobes?

A

the area at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions

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12
Q

Why are children today less proficient physically than in the past?

A

Children no longer regularly play outside

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13
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body mass index, the ratio of a person’s weight to height, the main indicator of being overweight or underweight

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14
Q

What is the information-processing perspective on memory?

A

Cognitive development may be explained by children’s increasing memory capacity, and increasing ability to concentrate, plan ahead, control their thoughts, feelings, and actions

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15
Q

What are examples of executive functions?

A

Rehearsal, selective attention, and inhibition

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16
Q

What are the features of ADHD?

A

Deficits in executive functions, problems with working memory, inhibition, and selective attention, trouble quickly processing information

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17
Q

What are the causes of ADHD?

A

Mostly genetic, epigenetic forces can be involved like maternal smoking to being born premature, tied to a lower than normal output of dopamine

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18
Q

What are treatments for ADHD?

A

Psycho-stimulant medication and caregiver training

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19
Q

What is working memory?

A

“Executive processor,” the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material we can keep in our awareness at a single time. This material is either processes for more permanent storage or lost.

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20
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses, the frontal lobe feat of self-control

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21
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory, older children do this

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22
Q

What is selective attention?

A

A learning strategy in which we manage our awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information, older children do this

23
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Not doing what we feel like, a continual socialization goal

24
Q

What are information processing guidelines for younger children?

A

Young children need regular prompting, encouragement for physical activity and collaborative play, and will have trouble inhibiting strong impulses

25
Q

What are information processing guidelines for middle Childhood?

A

Actively teach study skills, scaffold organizational strategies, multiple tasks will be problematic- instead build structure for difficult executive function tasks, have children do tasks away from distractions and temptations

26
Q

What is ADHD?

A

The most common childhood learning disorder in the U.S., disproportionally affecting boys, defined by inattention and hyperactivity at home and school

27
Q

What is dopamine?

A

The neurotransmitter that modulated sensitive to rewards

28
Q

What are strategies that can support a child with ADHD?

A

Background noise, small immediate reinforcers, physical activity, games, avoid power assertion, lots of love, make sure child is in good childhood-environment fit

29
Q

What are internalizing tendencies?

A

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression

30
Q

What are externalizing tendencies?

A

A personality style that involves acting on our impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively

30
Q

As children grow older, what changes in self-awareness and self-esteem?

A

Concrete operational children think about themselves in psychological terms, accurately scan their abilities, and evaluate themselves in comparison to their peers. Self esteem declines.

31
Q

What are the perils of very low self esteem?

A

Inhibiting success, helpless and hopeless attitude does not inspire change

31
Q

What are the perils of very high self esteem?

A

Denying reality

31
Q

What forces affect prosocial behavior?

A

Individual, gender

32
Q

What are the different types of aggression?

A

Proactive, reactive, relational, direct

33
Q

What forces may produce an aggressive child?

A

Temperament evokes harsh discipline, rejection from teachers and peers, hostile worldview, aggressive peers, chaotic surroundings

34
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

The capacity to manage our emotional state

35
Q

What is self awareness?

A

Our perceptions about ourselves, the capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state

36
Q

What is self esteem?

A

Evaluating ourselves as good or bad, based on our comparisons to other people, first becomes a major issue in elementary school

37
Q

What areas do children draw on to determine self esteem?

A

Scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, athletic skills, peer likability, and physical appearance

38
Q

What is prosocial behavior?

A

Sharing, helping, caring actions

39
Q

What is empathy?

A

Feeling the emotion another person is experiencing

40
Q

What is sympathy?

A

feeling upset for a person who needs help, necessary for acting prosocially

41
Q

What is aggression?

A

Hostile or destructive act

42
Q

What is a hostile attributional bias?

A

tendency of aggressive children to misread other people’s actions as threatening when they are benign

43
Q

What factors contribute to choosing prosocial behavior?

A

Merit, friendship, need

44
Q

What interventions support prosocial behavior?

A

Using theory of mind to empathize with people not in your tribe, mind-minded parenting style such as being alert to children’s feelings and attribute prosocial behavior to their personality, remind children of prosocial acts they did in the past, use induction (empathizing with the pain they caused others) when child acted in a hurtful way, support information processing skills

45
Q

What are the features of friendship?

A

Protection and enhancement of the developing self, teaching emotional regulation and conflict management, having similar values

46
Q

What are the features of popularity?

A

Relational aggression and competition

47
Q

Which qualities make children unpopular?

A

Externalizing and often internalizing problems, social anxiety, reactive aggression, standing out, not fitting into traditional general roles, differing incomes, disabilities

48
Q

Why do some rejected children succeed in adult life?

A

They are able to choose their friend circles,

49
Q

What does research about bullying say?

A

10-20% are bully victims, but most have internalizing issues and are unlikely to fight back

50
Q

What is bullying?

A

Harass or target a specific person for systematic abuse

51
Q

What are bully victims?

A

Aggressive children who repeatedly bully and get victimized

52
Q

What is cyber bullying?

A

systematic harassment conducted online or via text, more toxic than traditional bullying

53
Q

What is bystander behavior?

A

applauding or passively watching as someone is being victimized, which encourages the bully’s behavior

PSY 230 (4 decks)

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