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bio unit 1 > ch 6- homeostasis > Flashcards

ch 6- homeostasis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stimulus-response model

A

a model that describes how a system responds to a stimulus

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2
Q

positive feedback system

A

a stimulus–response process in which the response increases the stimulus

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3
Q

negative feedback system

A

a stimulus–response process in which the response counters the stimulus

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4
Q

stimulus (pl. stimuli)

A

an event or molecule that can initiate a response

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5
Q

receptor

A

a structure that detects a signal or external change, usually a protein

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6
Q

modulator

A

location where information from receptors is sent to and compared to a set point, and where molecules altering the functioning of an effector are released. Also known as the processing centre

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7
Q

effector

A

a molecule, cell, or organ that responds to a signal and produces a response

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8
Q

hormone

A

a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

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9
Q

response

A

the action of a cell, organ, or organism caused by a stimulus

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10
Q

transduction

A

the series of events that occur after the reception of a signal which results in the generation of a response

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11
Q

Conduction

A

The transfer of heat through direct physical contact between two objects with different temperatures.

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12
Q

Convection

A

The transfer of heat by the movement of a liquid or gas. Warm fluids rise, carrying heat upwards, while cooler fluids sink, creating a circulation loop.

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13
Q

Evaporation

A

The process by which a liquid changes into a gas, absorbing heat from the surrounding environment in the process. This is why sweating helps cool the body.

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14
Q

Radiation

A

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. This is how heat travels from the sun to Earth and how our bodies lose heat to the environment.

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The set of chemical reactions that take place within cells to keep the body functioning. These reactions produce energy and also generate heat.

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16
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process by which an organism maintains a constant internal body temperature despite changes in the external environment.

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17
Q

Endotherm

A

An animal (warm-blooded) that generates most of its own body heat through metabolic processes. Examples include mammals and birds.

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18
Q

Ectotherm

A

An animal (cold-blooded) that relies primarily on the external environment to regulate its body temperature. Examples include reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A part of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

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20
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood flow to an area. This can help to increase heat loss from the body’s surface.

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21
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and sensory perception.

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22
Q

Arrector Pili Muscles

A

Tiny muscles attached to hair follicles that contract in response to cold, causing hair to stand on end (goosebumps). This traps a layer of insulating air close to the skin.

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23
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Voluntary muscles attached to bones that allow for movement.

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24
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to an area. This can help to conserve heat within the body.

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25
Q

Brown Fat

A

A special type of fat tissue found in some mammals that generates heat when activated in cold environments.

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26
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with six carbon atoms. It is the primary source of energy for most cells in the body and comes from the food we eat.

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27
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is a major source of energy for the body and comes in various forms, from simple sugars (monosaccharides) to complex chains (polysaccharides).

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28
Q

Glucose Transporter

A

A specialized protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows glucose to enter cells. Different types of transporters exist for various needs.

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29
Q

Glycogen

A

A complex sugar (polysaccharide) formed from linked glucose molecules. It serves as the main storage form of glucose in the body, primarily stored in the liver and muscles.

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30
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The process by which the body converts glucose into glycogen for storage.

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31
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose for energy use by the body.

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32
Q

Blood Plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood, excluding blood cells. It carries various dissolved substances throughout the body, including nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

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33
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

The concentration of glucose present in the bloodstream. The body maintains tight control over blood glucose levels for optimal cellular function.

34
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

A condition characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels (above 7.8 mmol/L).

35
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels (below 4.0 mmol/L).

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment despite external changes. Blood glucose levels are a prime example of a homeostatically regulated system.

37
Q

Pancreas

A

A gland located behind the stomach that serves a dual function. It produces digestive enzymes to aid in food breakdown and secretes hormones, including insulin and glucagon, to regulate blood sugar levels.

38
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of specialized cells within the pancreas responsible for hormone production.

39
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Cells within the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels.

40
Q

Beta Cells

A

Cells within the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels.

41
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.

42
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, raising blood sugar levels.

43
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

The fluid located outside of cells. It bathes cells and provides a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products.

44
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

The fluid located inside cells. It makes up the major portion of total body fluid.

45
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in a solution.

46
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (hypotonic) to a region of high solute concentration (hypertonic).

47
Q

Crenate

A

The shrunken and wrinkled appearance of a cell that has lost water to a hypertonic solution.

48
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with a lower total solute concentration compared to another solution.

49
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with a higher total solute concentration compared to another solution.

50
Q

Osmolality

A

A measure of the total concentration of solute particles per kilogram of solvent (water) in a solution.

51
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The process by which an organism maintains a stable internal solute concentration (osmolality) despite changes in water intake or loss.

52
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with the same total solute concentration as another solution. In this case, there is no net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

53
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

A specialized receptor, primarily located in the hypothalamus, that detects changes in blood osmolality.

54
Q

Baroreceptor

A

A specialized receptor located throughout the body, particularly in the heart and blood vessels, that detects changes in blood pressure.

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and osmoregulation.

56
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A gland located at the base of the brain that produces and releases several hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

57
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to high blood osmolality. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, helping to conserve water.

58
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or blood volume. Renin triggers a cascade of events that ultimately leads to increased water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

59
Q

Aquaporin

A

A type of membrane protein that allows for the passage of water across cell membranes.

60
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to the release of renin. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which indirectly leads to increased water reabsorption.

61
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

An autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an inability to regulate blood sugar levels.

62
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

A condition where the immune system mistakenly targets healthy body tissues, causing damage.

63
Q

Beta cells

A

Cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin, a hormone crucial for blood sugar regulation.

64
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Proteins produced by the immune system that mistakenly attack the body’s own tissues, in this case, beta cells in type 1 diabetes.

65
Q

Alpha cells

A

Cells within the pancreas that secrete glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels.

66
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

A condition of high blood sugar levels (above 7.8 mmol/L).

67
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

A condition of low blood sugar levels (below 4.0 mmol/L).

68
Q

Insulin replacement therapy

A

The treatment of type 1 diabetes by injecting insulin to compensate for the lack of natural insulin production.

69
Q

Thyroid gland

A

A butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.

70
Q

Endocrine system

A

A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions.

71
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

A thyroid hormone that influences metabolic rate, produced by the thyroid gland.

72
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

A thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland that can be converted to T3, the more active form.

73
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.

74
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

75
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

An overactive thyroid gland that produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to an increased metabolic rate.

76
Q

Graves’ disease

A

An autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism. Antibodies attack the thyroid, stimulating excess hormone production.

77
Q

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)

A

An antibody produced in Graves’ disease that stimulates the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism.

78
Q

Goiter

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, often visible as a swelling in the neck.

79
Q

Exophthalmos

A

A bulging of the eyeballs, a symptom associated with Graves’ disease.

80
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

An underactive thyroid gland that produces insufficient thyroid hormones, leading to a slowed metabolism.

bio unit 1 (5 decks)

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