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bio unit 1 > ch 5- biological systems > Flashcards

ch 5- biological systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organism

A

a living thing made up of one or more cells

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2
Q

cell

A

the smallest functional unit of a living organism

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3
Q

specialised

A

cells which serve a unique, particular function

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4
Q

tissue

A

a cluster of cells which
perform a shared function

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5
Q

organ

A

the combination of tissues and cells into a distinct structure that performs a specific function

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6
Q

system

A

a collection of organs and tissues that perform specific functions necessary for survival

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7
Q

vascular tissues

A

conducting tissues that transport water
and nutrients throughout a plant. An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue

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8
Q

dermal tissue

A

collection of cells that form the outer linings of a plant

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9
Q

ground tissues

A

an encompassing term for many different plant tissue types, which are involved in metabolism and support

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10
Q

leaves

A

the plant organs that are responsible for photosynthesis

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11
Q

flowers

A

the reproductive organ of angiosperms. Grows into fruit following fertilisation

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12
Q

fruit

A

the seed-bearing structures that are responsible for the protection of developing seeds and seed dispersal

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13
Q

stem

A

the main body of the plant that provides support and connects the whole plant

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14
Q

roots

A

the plant organ embedded in the ground. Absorbs water and nutrients from soil, and provides support for the plant

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15
Q

root system

A

organ system in plants that is responsible for providing support to the plant and water and nutrient absorption from soil

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16
Q

shoot system

A

organ system in plants made up of reproductive organs, stems, and leaves

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17
Q

muscle tissue

A

collection of animal cells that are capable of contraction. Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

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18
Q

nervous tissue

A

collection
of animal cells that sense stimuli and initiate responses. Also known as nerve tissue

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19
Q

connective tissue

A

collection of many different animal cells that bind and support the other major tissue types

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20
Q

epithelial tissue

A

one of the basic tissue types in animals that line the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

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21
Q

digestive system

A

the collection of specialised tissues and organs responsible for the breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients

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22
Q

excretory system

A

the collection of organs and tissues that removes excess fluid and waste materials from the body

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23
Q

endocrine system

A

the collection of glands in animals responsible for producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to regulate distant organs/cells

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24
Q

hormone

A

a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

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25
Q

skeletal system

A

the organ system comprised of bone and cartilage that supports the body and the muscular system to enable movement

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26
Q

muscular system

A

collection of muscle tissues that circulate blood and enable movement

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27
Q

integumentary system

A

the organs and tissues responsible for protecting the body from the external environment

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28
Q

nervous system

A

the network
of nerve tissue that receives, transmits, and responds to stimuli

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29
Q

immune system

A

collection of organs and tissues that provide resistance to and protection from infection and diseases

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30
Q

respiratory system

A

the organ system that allows an organism to breathe and exchange gases with the external environment

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31
Q

blood circulatory system

A

the network of blood vessels and the heart that pumps blood around the body

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32
Q

reproductive system

A

the sex organs responsible for sexual reproduction

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33
Q

vascular plants

A

a group of plants that contain vascular tissues

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34
Q

root system

A

organ system in plants that is responsible for providing support to the plant and water and nutrient absorption from soil

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35
Q

shoot system

A

organ system in plants made up of reproductive organs, stems, and leaves

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36
Q

vascular tissues

A

conducting tissues that transport water and nutrients within a plant. An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue

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37
Q

xylem tissue

A

transports water and minerals in one direction, from the roots to the leaves

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38
Q

phloem tissue

A

transports sugars and other nutrients in two directions, to all the cells of the plant

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39
Q

vascular bundles

A

the close arrangement of xylem and phloem tissues

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40
Q

root hair cell

A

a cell with hair-like extensions that absorbs water and minerals from the soil into the root

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41
Q

extracellular pathway

A

the pathway by which roots absorb the majority of water from the soil. Also known as the apoplastic route

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42
Q

cytoplasmic pathway

A

the pathway by which roots absorb the majority of nutrients and essential minerals from the soil. Also known as the symplastic route

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43
Q

casparian strip

A

the impermeable barrier between the root cells
and vascular tissue that forces water and solutes travelling by the extracellular pathway into the cytoplasm of cells cytoplasm cell wall
root hair water and minerals soil particles

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44
Q

vessel elements

A

the larger components of the xylem which stack end-to-end

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45
Q

tracheid

A

the smaller elements of the xylem whose endings overlap with one another

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46
Q

lignified

A

when a cell is strengthened by woody lignin deposits

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47
Q

sieve cell

A

the living hollow tubes of the phloem which stack end-to-end

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48
Q

companion cell

A

the cells of the phloem that ensure sieve cells remain alive and regulate entry into the phloem

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49
Q

sieve plates

A

the porous plates separating adjacent sieve cells

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50
Q

stoma/stomata

A

small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange

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51
Q

transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from leaves and movement of liquids up the xylem

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52
Q

capillary action

A

when a liquid, such as water, flows in narrow tubes due to the adhesion of the liquid to the surface of the tube

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53
Q

translocation

A

the movement of substances from a source to other tissues in the plant via the phloem. Also known as source and sink movement

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54
Q

source

A

a tissue of a plant where substances are produced or enter the plant

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55
Q

sink

A

a tissue of a plant where substances are stored

56
Q

guard cell

A

a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma. When hot they lose turgor pressure and become flaccid, closing the stomata to limit water loss

57
Q

stomatal pore

A

the opening in the centre of a turgid stoma, where gases freely enter or exit a leaf

58
Q

epidermal cells

A

the plant’s outermost cells which separate the plant from the external environment. These cells coat the leaves, fruits, stems, flowers, and roots of a plant. Also known as epidermis

59
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that cannot produce its own food and instead gains nutrition by eating plant or animal matter

60
Q

carbohydrates

A

a class of biomacromolecule made from monosaccharide monomers consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Also known as saccharides or sugars

61
Q

lipids

A

the class of biomacromolecule typically made from fatty acids and glycerol monomers consisting of C, H, and O. Characterised by their nonpolar nature

62
Q

proteins

A

a class of biomacromolecule made of amino acid monomers folded into a 3D shape, consisting of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

63
Q

vitamins

A

organic compounds that the body requires in small amounts to perform a variety of functions

64
Q

minerals

A

inorganic compounds that are essential for regular growth and nutrition

65
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking down a substance into its basic components

66
Q

digestive system

A

the collection of specialised tissues and organs responsible for the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

67
Q

physical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller pieces by processes such as chewing
and peristalsis. Also known as mechanical digestion

68
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes and stomach acid

69
Q

digestive tract

A

the pathway of organs that food and liquids travel through after being swallowed, leading to digestion and elimination. Also known as
the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal

70
Q

oral cavity

A

beginning of the digestive tract where food is prepared for the stomach. Also known as the mouth

71
Q

salivary gland

A

collection of cells that produce saliva and secrete it into the oral cavity

72
Q

oesophagus

A

muscular tube lined with mucus that connects the mouth and stomach

73
Q

peristalsis

A

coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations of the digestive tract wall that move food along the system

74
Q

stomach

A

a muscular organ
that receives food from the oesophagus and temporarily stores it, where it is broken down by stomach acids, enzymes and peristaltic movements

75
Q

chyme

A

mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

76
Q

liver

A

a large organ found in the abdomen that is involved in many metabolic processes including the breakdown of toxins

77
Q

gallbladder

A

bile-storing organ that releases bile into the small intestine

78
Q

pancreas

A

an organ of the digestive and endocrine system that releases both digestive juices and hormones, namely insulin and glucagon which regulate blood glucose levels

79
Q

small intestine

A

connects the stomach to the large intestine and is a major site of nutrient absorption during digestion

80
Q

large intestine

A

the final area of absorption along the digestive tract and the site of faeces production

81
Q

appendix

A

a small sac of tissue that sits at the junction between the small and large intestines

82
Q

rectum

A

the final section of the large intestine that delivers faeces to the anus

83
Q

anus

A

the opening at the end of the digestive tract that releases faeces

84
Q

lumen

A

the inside space of a tubular structure

85
Q

epithelial tissue

A

one of the basic tissue types in animals that lines the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

86
Q

villus/villi

A

finger-like projections from the surface of membranous structures to increase the surface area

87
Q

microvillus/microvilli

A

microscopic projections on the surface of cells that increase cellular surface area

88
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that almost exclusively feeds on plant material

89
Q

omnivore

A

an animal that eats a variety of food from plants to other animals

90
Q

carnivore

A

an animal that almost exclusively eats meat

91
Q

excretory system

A

the collection of organs and tissues that remove excess, waste materials from
the body

92
Q

excrete

A

to separate and eliminate waste from the body

93
Q

liver

A

a large organ found in the abdomen that is involved in many metabolic processes including the breakdown of toxins

94
Q

urea

A

the main nitrogenous product of protein breakdown in mammals. Excreted in urine

95
Q

kidneys

A

a pair of bean-shaped organs that are responsible for removing waste substances from the blood and the production
of urine

96
Q

urine

A

a fluid formed by the kidneys and stored in the bladder. One of the body’s major ways to remove excess water, solutes, and waste substances from the blood

97
Q

urinary tract

A

the series of channels in which urine is produced and excreted from the body

98
Q

filter

A

to pass a substance through a porous material

99
Q

reabsorb

A

to absorb a substance that has undergone filtration

100
Q

filtrate

A

the fluid filtered from blood that passes through the nephron

101
Q

secrete

A

to discharge a substance from a cell or tissue

102
Q

renal arteries

A

arteries that deliver blood from the heart to the kidneys

103
Q

nephron

A

a functional unit of
the kidney consisting of a glomerulus and tubule system through which filtrate passes and urine is produced

104
Q

afferent capillary

A

incoming capillaries that deliver blood to the glomeruli of nephrons

105
Q

efferent capillary

A

outgoing capillaries that carry blood away from the glomeruli of nephrons

106
Q

glomerulus/glomeruli

A

a network of capillaries that deliver blood to the Bowman’s capsule

107
Q

bowmans capsule

A

the first section of the nephron which collects filtered blood from the glomerulus

108
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

the portion of the nephron tubule that lies between the Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle

109
Q

loop of henle

A

a u-shaped loop of the nephron that recovers water and salts from filtrate

110
Q

distal convoluted tubulue

A

the portion of the nephron tubule that lies between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

111
Q

collecting duct

A

the final section of the nephron tubule that collects urine and delivers it to the bladder for excretion

112
Q

ureter

A

the tube through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

113
Q

bladder

A

the hollow muscular organ that receives urine from the kidney and stores it for excretion

114
Q

urethra

A

the duct through which urine is excreted from the bladder and out of the body

115
Q

lungs

A

a pair of organs situated within the rib cage responsible for the process of oxygenation and excretion of carbon dioxide in humans

116
Q

skin

A

the thin layer of tissue covering the outer region of the body of vertebrates

117
Q

digestive tract

A

the pathway
of organs that food and liquids travel through after being swallowed, leading to digestion and elimination. Also known as the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal

118
Q

signalling molecule

A

a molecule which can interact with and initiate a response in a target cell

119
Q

hormone

A

a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

120
Q

receptor

A

a structure (usually a protein) that detects a signal or external change

121
Q

target cell

A

a cell that will receive and respond to a specific signalling molecule

122
Q

endocrine system

A

the collection of glands in animals responsible for producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to regulate distant organs/cells

123
Q

gland

A

a group of cells that secretes chemical substances to regions of the body or discharges them into the surroundings

124
Q

blood circulatory system

A

the network consisting of blood vessels and the heart that pumps blood around the body

125
Q

hypothalamus

A

a section of the brain in mammals that controls much of the body’s internal environment via hormone secretion

126
Q

pituitary gland

A

a gland in the brain that plays a large role in maintaining bodily functions by controlling the activity of several other endocrine glands

127
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland in the brain which helps regulate sleep patterns

128
Q

thyroid gland

A

a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones that influence metabolic rate

129
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands in the neck that control the levels of calcium in the body

130
Q

thymus

A

a gland found between the lungs that plays a role in the body’s endocrine and immune systems

131
Q

pancreas

A

an organ of the digestive and endocrine system that releases both digestive juices and hormones to regulate blood glucose

132
Q

adrenal glands

A

collection of endocrine cells located above the kidneys that produce a variety of hormones involved in the stress response, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline

133
Q

placenta

A

an organ that develops during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to a foetus

134
Q

ovaries

A

female reproductive organ in which both egg cells and hormones such as oestrogen are produced

135
Q

testes

A

male reproductive organ in which both sperm cells and hormones such as testosterone are produced

bio unit 1 (5 decks)

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