Ch 6 - Geography of Evolution Flashcards

2
Q

Realms

A

Some related ones divided by continental drift; after that very little exchange between them

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3
Q

Smaller realms

A

provinces of flora and fauna shaped by long term weather patterns

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4
Q

Cape York Peninsula in Australia

A

Mega diverse area in NE Oz

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinburg math and criteria

A

For Diploid, (p + q)(p + q) = 1; no mutation, no gene flow, no inbreeding, no selection, very large population

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6
Q

Wright

A

We move away from Hardy-Weinburg; assume inbreeding occurs; Hsj = probability alleles are different; F statistics,

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7
Q

Disjunct distributions

A

Closely related species found on different continents, evidence of common ancestor that was then separated by continents (ex. cichlids, gators, some pines)

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8
Q

Human influences

A

European starling: 100 released in New York in 1896. Expands to cover most of NA by 1970.

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9
Q

Saxifrage example. Why at certain disconnected high elevations?

A

Would have been pushed South by glaciers. Would have died out at lower altitudes as glaciers receded, so they remained at high elevations and in Arctic

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10
Q

How do lineages diverge?

A

Food source changes (common in insects); geographic dispersal or migration, vicariance (a barrier like a mountain range or climate); behavioural;

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11
Q

Breakup of Gondwanaland*

A

Break off of antartica; first India and Madagascar which then split; South America last 35 Mya

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12
Q

Hawaiian cricket species

A

Spread from one island to another as they emerged; don’t go backwards, no extinctions

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13
Q

Lemurs

A

Phylogenetic analysis shows that they stemmed from African monkeys and then colonized Madagascar after it had already split off. Neat.

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14
Q

Allochthonous

A

Taxa that originated elsewhere, arrive by dispersal (eg Hawaii)

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15
Q

Autochthonous

A

Evolved within an area (flightless birds of SA, Africa, NZ, Oz; Lungfish of SA and Africa)

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16
Q

Basal group (fig 6.13)

A

A branch that diverges earlier, usually show place of origin

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17
Q

Phylogeography

A

processes (ie dispersal)that govern geographic distribution of gene linages, esp. within a species or closely related ones; ex. grasshoppers in Balkans, Italy and Spain, spread to rest of Europe from Balkans

18
Q

Gene duplications

A

Can allow for a lot of mutational freedom, since one can still perform the normal function, while the other can mutation however it likes

19
Q

Multiregional hypothesis

A

Homo erectus and neanderthal spread from Africa and then became sapien in Africa, Asia, and Europe, and gene flow followed

20
Q

Out of Africa hypothesis

A

one wave of homo erectus spread from Africa, then diverged, then was replaced with second wave (sapiens)

21
Q

Founder effect

A

Change in allele frequencies due to rare colonization event; often lose rare alleles; need to reach equilibrium before we can do analysis like Fst

22
Q

Niche conservatism

A

Similar species maintain similar requirements; helps us understand distribution

23
Q

Why doesn’t a species keep adapting to new environments?

A

Lack genetic diversity; attack of genes from species in favourable environments prevent recipients from adapting (counteracts natural selection)