Ch 1 - Evolutionary biology

Question 2

Heraclitus

Answer 2

500BC - only constant is change

Question 3

Al-jahiz

Answer 3

800s - talked about struggle for existence, but believed God created all

Question 4

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 4

Independently came up with natural selection, but less evidence etc.

Question 5

Thomas Malthus

Answer 5

Talked about surplus population which is usually prevented by disease or resources, more offspring then resources

Question 6

Jean Baptiste LaMarck

Answer 6

Acquired features passed on - environment shapes adaptations; first to provide explanation of evolution

Question 7

Georges Cuvier

Answer 7

Believed organisms did not evolve, studied fossils and said they didn’t change; proved that extinction occurred

Question 8

Steno/Hutton/Lyell

Answer 8

Geologists; stratification and superposition (ancient earth); uniformitarianism

Question 9

Darwin’s travels

Answer 9

Fossils and living animals; Birds in different locations had different adaptations which were suited for their environment

Question 10

Adaptation

Answer 10

a change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Question 11

Descent with modification

Answer 11

Species descend uninterrupted from common ancestor

Question 12

Essentialism

Answer 12

Variation in a species is imperfection from an ideal form (Plato)

Question 13

Evolution (basic definition)

Answer 13

the change in characteristics of groups of organisms over time

Question 14

Evolutionary or modern synthesis

Answer 14

Merges Darwin and genetics. Evolution caused by Mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Question 15

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 15

Lamarck: adaptations acquired during an animal’s lifetime could be passed down (eg. giraffes stretching their necks)

Question 16

Macroevolution

Answer 16

New species and major evolutionary changes due to the effects of microevolution

Question 17

Microevolution

Answer 17

Forces such as mutation and natural selection which work within a species

Question 18

Natural selection

Answer 18

Advantageous traits would make it more likely for an animal to reproduce and pass on this trait to the next generation

Question 19

Uniformitarianism

Answer 19

theory that the earth is formed and affected by the same forces now as in times past; similar to evolution

Question 20

Summarizing Darwin

Answer 20

1. Descent with modification (common descent, change occurs, can be gradual). 2. Natural selection (change proportional to ability to survive/reproduce)

Question 21

Genetic drift

Answer 21

Random changes in freq of 2 or more alleles in a population due to random sampling

Question 22

Gene flow

Answer 22

Exchange of genes between populations