Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NURS 210/211 > Ch. 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. Support - for body & soft organs
  2. Protection - protects brain, spinal cord, & vital organs
  3. Movement - levers for muscle action
  4. Mineral & growth factor storage - calcium & phosphorus & growth factors reservoir
  5. Blood Cell Formation - Hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage - fat, used for an energy source, is stored in bone cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206 bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the Axial Skeleton

A
  • Long axis of body
  • Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of upper & lower limbs
  • Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the classification of bones?

A
  1. Long bones - longer than wide, limb bones
  2. Short bones - cube shaped (wrist & ankle), sesamoid bones form within tendons (ex. patella), vary in size & number in different individuals
  3. Flat bones - thin, flat, slightly curved, sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
  4. Irregular bones - complicated shapes, vertebrae & hip bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are bones organs?

A

They contain different types of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of tissue are present in bone?

A

Bone (osseous), nervous, cartilage, fibrous connective, muscle cells, epithelial cells (in blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 levels of structure?

A
  • Gross
  • Microscopic
  • Chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Compact Bone

A

Dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth & solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Spongy Bone

A

Made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone (trabeculae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the open spaces of spongy bone (trabeculae) filled with?

A

Red or yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure of short, irregular, & flat bones

A
  • Consist of thin plates of spongy bone (dipole) covered by compact bone
  • Compact bone between connective tissue membranes
  • Bone marrow scattered throughout spongy bone (no defined marrow cavity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Periosteum

A

Covers outside of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Endosteum

A

Covers inside portion of compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the parts of a long bone

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphyses
  • Metaphyses
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
  • Medullary cavity
  • Endosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

Bone shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 Epiphyes?

A

Both ends of the bone at the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 metaphyses?

A

Region between diaphysis & epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Articular Cartilage?

A

Covering both epiphyses

20
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

Connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis
- White, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints

21
Q

What is Medullary Cavity?

A

Hollow space within diaphysis

22
Q

What is Endosteum?

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
- Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
- Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
- Lines canals that pass through compact bone

23
Q

Where is Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow) found in bones?

A
  • Trabecular cavities of spongy bone
  • Diploe of flat bones
  • In newborns: medullary cavities & all spongy bone
  • In adults: in heads of femur & humerus, active areas are flat bone diploe & some irregular bones
  • Yellow marrow can convert to red if person is anemic
24
Q

Define Tuberosity (site of muscle/ligament attachment)

A

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

25
Define Crest (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
26
Define Trochanter (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (on femur)
27
Define Line (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
28
Define Tubercle (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Small rounded projection or process
29
Define Epicondyle (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Raised area on or above a condyle
30
Define Spine (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
31
Define Process (site of muscle/ligament attachment)
Any bony prominence
32
What are surfaces that help to form joints?
- Head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck - Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface - Condyle: rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa
33
List the depressions & openings
- Groove: furrow - Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening - Foramen: round or oval opening through a bone - Notch: indentation at the edge of a structure - Meatus: canal-like passageway - Sinus: cavity within a bone, filled with air & lined with mucous membrane - Fossa: shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
34
What does Microscopic Anatomy of Bones look at?
Cells of bone tissue
35
Define Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)
Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum & endosteum (from bone cell lineage)
36
Define Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid (from bone cell lineage)
37
Define Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide, maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors (from bone cell lineage)
38
Define Osteoclasts
Derived from sane hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages, giant multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone) (from bone WBC lineage)
39
Describe an Osteon (Haversian system)
- Osteon is the structural unit of compact bone - Consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone - An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called lamellae
40
Describe Lamellae
- Contains collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings - Withstands stress and resist twisting - Bone salts are found between collagen fibers
41
What are the structures in osteon?
- Central (Haversian) canal: runs through core of osteon (contains blood vessels & nerve fibers) - Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals: canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal (connect blood vessels & nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal) - Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes - Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other & to central canal
42
Describe the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone?
- Appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress - Trabeculae: cables on a suspension bridge, confer strength to bone - No osteons present, contains irregularly arranged lamellae & osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi - Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
43
What are the organic components of bone?
- Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, & osteoid, sacrificial bond in/between collagen molecules
44
Describe an Osteoid
Makes up 1/3 of organic bone matrix; consists of ground substance & collagen fibers, which contribute to Hugh tensile strength & flexibility of bone
45
What causes Bone Resilience?
Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen muscles that stretch & break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures
46
What are the inorganic components of bone?
- Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) - Make up 65%-75% of bone by mass - Consist mainly tiny calcium phosphate crystals in & around collagen fibers - Responsible for hardness & resistance to compression

NURS 210/211 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions