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NURS 210/211 > Ch. 3: Cells - The Living Units > Flashcards

Ch. 3: Cells - The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma (cell) membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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2
Q

Describe the Plasma (Cell) Membrane

A

Flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds & contains the cytoplasm of the cell
- 2 layers of phospholipids (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)
- Selectively permeable

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Integral (transmembrane) proteins
  2. Peripheral proteins
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4
Q

What are the functions of an ion channel membrane protein?

A

Ion Channel (integral): forms a pore that a specific ion can flow to get across membrane

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5
Q

What are the functions of a carrier membrane protein?

A

Carrier (integral): transports substance across membrane by changing shape

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6
Q

What are the functions of a receptor membrane protein?

A

Receptor (integral): recognizes ligand & alters cell’s function in some way

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7
Q

What are the functions of an enzyme membrane protein?

A

Enzyme (integral & peripheral): catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell

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8
Q

What are the functions of a linker membrane protein?

A

Linker (integral & peripheral): anchors filaments inside & outside plasma membrane, providing structural stability & shape

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9
Q

What are the functions of a cell identity marker membrane protein?

A

Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein): distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s

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10
Q

Why are membranes fluid structures?

A

Most of the membrane lipids & many of the membrane proteins move easily in the bilayer
- Membrane lipids & proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer

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11
Q

What does cholesterol do in the membrane?

A

Cholesterol serves to stabilize the membrane & reduce membrane fluidity

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12
Q

What is the lipid bilayer always permeable to?

A

Small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules

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13
Q

What increases the permeability of the membrane?

A

Transmembrane (integral) proteins that act as channels/transporters

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14
Q

How can Macromolecules pass through the plasma membrane

A

Only able to pass by vesicular transport

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15
Q

Define Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a chemical between 1 side of the plasma membrane & the other
- Unequal distribution of chemicals inside & outside the cell

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16
Q

Define Electrical Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of ions between 1 side of the plasma membrane & the other

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17
Q

Together, what do the concentration gradient & electrical gradient make up?

A

Electrochemical gradient

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18
Q

What are the transport processes that move substances across the cell membrane?

A
  • Passive: does NOT require energy, follows concentration gradient
  • Active: requires energy (ATP), moves against gradient
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19
Q

Describe the passive process: Simple Diffusion

A

Passive movement of molecules (solute) from high to love concentration
- Influenced by: steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of diffusion substance, surface area, diffusion distance

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20
Q

Describe the passive process: Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer
- Channel mediated: transport ions or water through aqueous channels from 1 side to another
- Carrier mediated: transport certain polar molecules (i.e. sugars & amino acids); changes shape to move molecules from different sides of membrane

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21
Q

Describe the passive process: Osmosis

A

The net movement of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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22
Q

Describe Tonicity

A

How a surrounding solution affects cell volume

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23
Q

Describe Isotonic

A

Solutions have same solute concentration as that of the cell; produces no net movement of water
Ex. normal RBC shape

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24
Q

Describe Hypertonic

A

Solutions have greater solute concentration that of the cell; water must move out of the cell
Ex. RBC undergoes crenation (shrinks)

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25
Describe Hypotonic
Solutions have lesser solute concentration that that of the cell; water must move into the cell Ex. RBC undergoes hemolysis
26
Describe the active process: Primary Transport
Energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein; pumps substance across membrane against its concentration gradient
27
Describe the active process: Secondary Transport
Energy stored particle (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients; 2 particles move at the same time - Antiporters: 2 ions move in opposite directions at the same time - 2 ions move in same direction at 1 time - Glucose uses this
28
Describe the active process: Vesicular Transport
Transport of large particles & macromolecules into or out of a cell or between its compartments in membrane-bound sacs (transported in vesicles)
29
Describe Endocytosis (vesicular transport)
Move substance (bulk solids, macromolecules) into cells by forming a vesicle (sac) - Phagocytosis: cell eating (takes in large material) - Pinocytosis: cell drinking (takes in liquid particles)
30
Describe Exocytosis (vesicular transport)
Membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid (moves stuff out)
31
Describe Transcytosis (vesicular transport)
Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side
32
Define Cytoplasm
Cellular material surrounding the nucleus & enclosed by the plasma membrane
33
Describe the 2 components of the Cytoplasm
1. Cytosol - intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm 2. Organelles - specialized structures that have specific shapes & perform specific function
34
Describe the Cytoskeleton
Gives shape to the cell, forms some organelles
35
Describe Centrosome/Centrioles
- Centrosome: region near the nucleus, contains centrioles - Centrioles: participate in cell division
36
Describe Cilia
Moves substances across the cell surface
37
Describe Flagella
Propels the cell itself (tail of sperm)
38
Describe Ribosomes
Found mostly in Rough ER; conduct protein synthesis
39
Describe Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Contains ribosomes — assists in protein synthesis
40
Describe Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Participates in lipid production, calcium storage, & detoxification
41
Describe the Golgi Complex/Apparatus
Packages proteins & lipids for export
42
Describe Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes
43
Describe Peroxisomes
Similar in shape to lysosomes, small. Contains enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances - Contains hydrogen peroxide
44
Describe Proteasomes
Barrel-shaped strictures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides (contain proteolytic enzymes)
45
Describe Mitochondria
Major site of ATP synthesis
46
Describe Nucleus
“Control center”; contains the hereditary units of the cell (genes)
47
Describe Cell Division
Process by which cells reproduce themselves
48
Describe Interphase of Cell Division
Period from cell formation to cell division (resting phase)
49
Describe the G1 (Gap 1) phase of Interphase
Cell metabolically active, synthesizing proteins & growing; virtually no activities directly related to cell division; centrioles start replicating
50
Describe the S (synthetic) phase of Interphase
DNA is replicated; new histones are made and assembled into chromatin
51
Describe the G2 (Gap 2) phase of Interphase
Enzymes & other proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to the proper sites; centriole replication complete; cell ensures that all DNA is replicated & damage is repaired; cell is ready to divide
52
Describe the G0 phase of interphase
Stage that cells permanently stop dividing
53
Define Somatic Cells
All body cells (except reproductive cells/gametes); go through mitosis
54
Describe Mitosis
Division of Somatic Cells - Occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides - Results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei - Divided into 4 steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
55
Describe Prophase (Mitosis Step 1)
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane disappears, centrosomes move to opposite poles
56
Describe Metaphase (Mitosis Step 2)
Centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
57
Describe Anaphase (Mitosis Step 3)
Centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell
58
Describe Telophase (Mitosis Step 4)
Mitosis spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms
59
Describe Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow forms during anaphase & telophase and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits (when complete, interphase begins)
60
What are the 3 possible cell destinies?
1. Remain alive & functioning without dividing 2. Grow and divide 3. Die
61
Define Meiosis
Reproductive Cell (Gamete) Division
62
Describe Prophase 1 (Meiosis)
Nuclear envelope disappears, crossing over occurs
63
Describe Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)
Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate
64
Describe Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)
Homologous chromosomes separate (sister chromatids stay together)
65
Describe Telophase 1 (Meiosis)
Each cell has one of the replicated chromosomes from each homologous pair of chromosomes
66
Describe Prophase 2 (Meiosis 2)
Nuclear envelope disappears
67
Describe Metaphase 2 (Meiosis 2)
Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
68
Describe Anaphase 2 (Meiosis 2)
Sister chromatids separate
69
Describe Telophase 2 (Meiosis 2)
Cytokinesis occurs (cytoplasm of parent cell splits)
70
Describe what happens to cells as we age
- Cells gradually deteriorate in their ability to function normally & in their ability to respond to environmental stresses - The numbers of our body cells decreases - We lose the integrity of the extracellular components of our tissues

NURS 210/211 (13 decks)

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