Ch. 6 AP Human Geography (Religion) Flashcards
Universalizing Religions
A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of ______________ __________ systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism.
Eastern Orthodoxy
The third biggest branch of Christianity(10%) following Roman Catholicism(50%) and Protestant (25%). Is a collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
Dalai Lama
Name translates to ‘Oceanic Teacher’. or ‘universal priest’ that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.
denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
ethnic religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
Golden Temple
The holiest shrine of Sikhism. It is located in Amritsar, and was founded by the fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das.
branch
A large and fundamental division within a religion.
Hinduism
Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.
sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
Roman Catholicism
The largest branch of Chrisitanity, which includes 50% of all Christians and large concentrations of followers in Latin America, French Canada, Central African, and Southern and Eastern Europe
Protestant
One of the three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CD, many adherents to the Roman Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
Christianity
Over 90% of people living in the Western Hemisphere practice this religion. 95% Roman Catholic in Latin America and approx. 25% in North America.
Coptic Church
The Egyptian Church; recognized by both Roman Catholic church and Orthodox Church, but independent of both
Ethiopian Church
Began in the 4th century, was a Christian country-state, one of the only pre-colonial churches on the continent of Africa and was once known as Coptic Christians
Armenian Church
An independent Christian church established in Armenia since 300
Maronites
The largest of the Christian groups in Lebanon, Mostly live in Lebanon, look to the pope but dont follow all the Catholic rules, speak aramaic,1,432,000 of these people in Lebanon, presence in mainly Islamic land causes political unrest.
Islam
The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran. Approximately 1.3 billion people practice this religion which means “submission to the will of God”.
Five pillars
The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat(charity), and hajj
Sunni
Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life’s problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative.
Shiite
A Muslim sect - other than the Sunni. Roughly 5 percent of all Muslims worldwide. The ________ make up 60 percent of Iraq’s population and almost all of Iran’s population.
Nation of Islam
A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans. Started by Elijah Muhammed
Elijah Muhammed
Created the Nation of Islam in America with members who were criminals. Believed in total separation of races. Murdered Malcom X, when he said that white folks were not as bad as he had thought.
Buddhism
This religion was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and explained the way to salvation through self-discipline and poverty. It evolved from Hinduism in northern India and Nepal.
Four Noble Truths
1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path
Mahayana
“the Great Vehicle” - The largest of Buddhism’s three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
Theravada
The remaining orthodox school of Buddhism, which adheres closely to the earliest scriptures and emphasizes individual efforts to liberate the mind from suffering
Tantrayana
Also called tantric buddhism (Tibet) “the diamond way”
reach nirvana in a single life time by using all persons powers including body to achieve enlightenment
Latter day Saints
The Church of Christ was the original name of the church founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. Organized informally in 1829 and then as a legal entity on April 6, 1830, in northwestern New York, it was the first organization implementing the principles found in Smith’s Book of Mormon, another example of Hierarchical religion
Sikhism
The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Baha’i
A universalizing religion that is practiced in parts of Africa and Asia, _________ is similar to Sikhism in the sense that both advocate the elimination of religious differences., Persian religion emphasizing spiritual connection of all mankind
caste system
Traditional division of Hindu society into various categories; there are four main varnas; or classes:Brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra; each class contains certain subgroups, resulting in more than three thousand categories.
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
Shintoism
Animistic religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.
Daoism
Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or ‘path’ of nature.
dao
The way
animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Dome of the rock
First Islamic religious shrine. It was built in 687 C.E., and is located in present day Jerusalem, Israel., Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock
caliph
The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth
pagan
A person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions
missionaries
A group of persons sent by a church to carry on religious work, esp. evangelization in foreign lands, and often to establish schools, hospitals, etc.
Diaspora
A Greek word meaning ‘dispersal,’ used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.
ghetto
formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live
pilgrimages
Journeys to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion, think Hajj
cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
tirtha
Place of crossing over between transcendent world and our world. Point of meditation between two realms. Pilgrimages are made to tirthas.
Solstice
The two days of the year on which the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator
Sukkot
Festival of Tabernacles, celebrates the harvest, held in october, a festival in the late autumn that recalls the jews period of wandering in the desert after their exodus from egypt
Yom Kippur
Judaism’s most important holy day, occurring in the fall on the tenth day of the new year; spent primarily at synagogue services in prayer for forgiveness of sins and marked by abstention from food and drink (fasting)
Rosh Hashanah
“Jewish new year”, day of judgment, fate of people is recorded, first of high holidays, 1st day of 7th month in Hebrew calendar
messiah
Hebrew for “anointed.” This is used in reference to Jesus because he accomplished perfectly the divine mission of priest, prophet, and king, signified by his being anointed as Christ.
minaret
A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship by the Muzzan.
muzzan
In Islamic tradition the man who summons people to worship.
diocese
The basic unit of geographic organization in Roman Catholic Church.
Pope
The head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome.
parishes
Consists of the priests of the local communities
Archbishop
The chief of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province in the Greek, Roman, and Anglican church.
hierarchial religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. Roman Catholicism for example.
autonomous religions
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally, example is Islam and most protestant branches.
synod
a council of churches or church officials
fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Battle of Tours
Battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe at Poitier, France
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492, by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.
Six day war
(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.
IRA
A militant terrorist organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerrilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland
Religion
What did Karl Marx call the opium of the people?
three thousand
Amount of people who have died in Ireland as a result of Protestant/Catholic clashes since 1968.
