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development economics > ch 6 and ch 7 > Flashcards

ch 6 and ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is land tenure

A

land holding

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2
Q

do ppl that have extensive rights to land have a sustainable livelihood than people who have limited rights to land?

A

yes they are better off

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3
Q

what are land tenure systems?

A

they determine who can use the resources for how long and under what conditions

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4
Q

how can land tenure relatioinships be defined?

A

either enforcabkle by law or structures in the community

or poorly defined and open to explotation

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5
Q

have yields of crops per hectare been increasing ?

A

yes everywhere but SSA its been steadily increasing

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6
Q

do poor countries have a lot of labor force in agricluture?

A

yes up to 90% of labor force is in agriculture in poor countries

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7
Q

is the share of agriculture also high in terms of the GDP share in poor countries?

A

yes that as well

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8
Q

what is substinence farming?

A

nearly all crops/livestocj is used by family of farmer, little to trade

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9
Q

how is substinence farming done

A

output and productivity are low
only basic tools used
traditional methods
capital investments low
land and labor main factors of production
small amounts of land

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10
Q

why is SSA still highly in substinence stage?

A

uncertainties in weather
weak institutions or too rigid
no safety nets
need to meet minimal level of output

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11
Q

why are small scale farmers resistant to technological innovations in farming techniques or to the introduction of new seeds or cash crops?

A

normally=
rational income will always choose method of production that will increase output or lower cost

BUT=
this theory is assumed that farmers have perfect knowledge of all technological in and output as well as current information about prevailing factor and product prices

Access to information is highly imperfect

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12
Q

what are cash crops

A

crops made to sell for profit

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13
Q

what doe substinence farmers make most (what do they make on their farms)?

A

banana/pineapple
maize/rice
cassava

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14
Q

agriculture based countries have most of their poor people in cities or in rural?

A

in rural

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15
Q

do urbanized countries have their poor people in the city or in the rural?

A

poor people are in the city

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16
Q

when countries transform from agricuture based to urbanized countries the poor move from rural to city, is this true?

A

yes

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17
Q

are agriculture productivtiy and average grain yield higher in high income countries?

A

yes by a big margin

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18
Q

from a scale from 0 to 1 , what does land distribution gini mean?

A

1 means a single agricultural holding holds all the land
and 0 menas all agricultural holdings hold the same amount of land

how much a monopoly on a land exists

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19
Q

have modern inputs like irrigation, improved variety of seeds and fertilizer consumption increased over the last 40 years globally?

A

yes

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20
Q

how do women in agriculture differ than men in agriculture?

A

women work longer hours, and women are most of the laborors in africa and asia (70%)

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21
Q

do governemtn assistance programs help women or men?

A

they tend to reach the men and not the women

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22
Q

what are three words you would think of when thinking of substinence farming?

A

risk aversion, uncertainty and survival

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23
Q

why is the traditional neoclassical model of profit maximization with certainty not adequate for substinance farmers?

A

there is too much uncertainty in price and weather

24
Q

why do risk averse substinence farmers prefer technologies that combine low mean per hectare with low variance to the alternative of high yield but higher risk technologies?

A

because they need to minimize irsk and need to meet minimum survival levels of output and no variance can be tolerated

25
Q

how can you help there risk averse substinence farmers to help them introduce better techologies?

A

remove commerical and institutional obstances and minimize risk
for example , make better price and weather information as well as profive safety nets and provide credit and insurance access

26
Q

why is high certainty of a certain output (like 10 crop yield) better than low certain of 1 to 20 crop yield is better for small farmers?

A

becase the high probability of 10 crop yield is just above the minimum consumption requirement which they NEED to fulfill, the other one theoretically makes more output but we dont have the luxury of taking that risk

27
Q

FAO lauching all these mobile apps in tanzania and kenya is to fight what?

A

to fight imperfect information

28
Q

what do these apps in tanzania from the FAO do ?

A

info on harvesting, weather, seed choice, retial prices of products, diagnose livestock illness, and how to treat those illnesses

29
Q

—– property : when property is held by a natural or legal person

A

private property

30
Q

—— property : property is shared among a community

A

common property

31
Q

—– property: property are held and managed by the government

A

public property

32
Q

open access : no rights to land or no natural resources have been claimed

A

open access

33
Q

an owner of a resource with a well defined property righ has a powerful incentive to use that resource (efficiently or not efficiently)

A

use it efficiently

34
Q

why does a person have a high incentive to use the land that they really own really well?

A

because a decline in value of the resource represents a personal loss

35
Q

what is tenure?

A

a bundle of rights

36
Q

what are some rights you have by a tenure of the land

A

right to use, manage, transfer

37
Q

what are types of legal rights of a tenure (like in a contract)

A

ownership, tenancy (rent), use right, concession, license

38
Q

what is a concession

A

an allowance of somethign like yeah you can plant a flower here

39
Q

what is another reason why sole ownership is so high in productivity? (long term)

A

farmers can pass it on to the future generation or sell it , incentive to invest long term is land tenure and security is well defined

40
Q

what is land tenure security?

A

right of owner to protection by their government against forced eviction

41
Q

so in easy terms what is land tenure system?

A

rules to regulate behaviour to use , control and transfer land

42
Q

what is the land tenure system like in tanzania ?

A

landholders cannot sell their land to foreigners but governmant can sell land to foreigners
women cannot own land
all land is owned by government theoretically

43
Q

what are the problems with the land tenure systerm in tanzania?

A

inefficent , no enforcement , fails to minimze risks and negative impacts, women and yound people have difficulties in retaining land rights
animal holders lack secure rights to communal land, land conflicts with farmers

44
Q

what is land grabbing?

A

large scale land aquisitions that displace existing users - sorced resettlement

45
Q

is foreign direct investment mostly the cause of land grabbing

A

yes

46
Q

what are some reasons for land grabbing by foreign companies/countries?

A

agriculture, conservation, biofuels, mining and petroleum

47
Q

which part of the world is most affected by land grabbing

A

Sub saharan Africa

48
Q

what is sharecropping?

A

poor farmers have acces to land, and give little bit of crops to owner as “payment”

49
Q

what is the history of share cropping

A

derived from salvery, landowners owned a lot of land, but almost no power and not enough money to pay agricultuiral workers, so they let slaves and poor people use their land and give them some crops in return

50
Q

what are some advantages of sharecropping?

A

share of risk, poor people could sustain themselves , annd landowners didnt have to pay anyone to produce crops

51
Q

what are some disadvantages of sharecropping?

A

the interest to cultivate for the cultivator decreases when they know they have to share the yield. (the fact that poor farmers have to give some away reduces the interest to make as much as possible)

most of the risk is on the side of the sharecropper (the tenant farmer/the poor person)

52
Q

who is the sharecropper

A

the poor person/the tenant farmer

53
Q

what is one solution to solve the problem that sharecropping has of being less efficient bc the incentive is lower ?

A

give sharecropper a larger share of the produce and security of tenure on land

give him some security for his land so he feels its his own so the efficiency increases

54
Q

imperfect information about the future is the definition of uncertainty or of risk?

A

of uncertainty

55
Q

uncertain consequence is the definition of uncertainty or of risk?

A

risk

56
Q

what are some risks in developing countries?

A

environmental(weather)

market(prices, job security)

personal (illness)

household(death, family change, births)

57
Q

what is the difference between subjective and objective probability?

A

to be determined later

development economics (5 decks)

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