ch 4 food insecurity Flashcards
what is PEM ? Protein energy malnutrition
lack of calories and protein
what is wasting?
result of PEM and rapid weight loss, recent and severe weight loss
what is stunting?
slow process , chronic undernutrition
what are the four dimesions of food security? (AAUS)
availability, access to food, utilization and stability
what is availability of food
domestic production, importing, food stocks and food aid
what is access to food
purchasing power, poverty, food distribution
what is stability of food security
price flutuations, political factors, economic and weather factors
what is utilization with food security
food safety, acccess to clean water, health and sanitation
what is hidden hunger
micronutirent (mineral and vitamin) deficiency
what are some determinants of food availability
technology adapptation for agriculture production
credit availability (good effect on agriculture)
education (farm production and utilisation)
age ( boss age correlates to efficiency)
food availabiöity and hunger over the last 30 years has ——
better availability and lower hunger
what does chronic and transitory food security mean
long term vs short term
whats baseline vs current food security
baseline means normally its like that and current is right now
in terms of calories what is food secure
2100 kcals per day
where are the countries that need emergency food assistance as well high in hunger?
SSA africa and india
what is a bilateral programme aid ?
50% full grant and other half sold to recipient country at lower prices
what are cash based food safety nets
give households money for food eeither unconditionally or conditionally showing attendance of children
what are food access based programmes
cash trasnfer that HAS to be spend on food or food stamps
what are food supply based programmes
give food directly when food markets dont work
when food prices go up, but the undernourishment doesnt increase , how do they do it ?
trade restrictions, safety nets , they protect their markets from international turbulences
china,india
when food prices go up and the malnutrishion goes a lot down (so its really great for them) in what kind of countries does that happen
in net food exporting countries bc more exports mean better income for them ,and they can afford more food (thailand vietnam)
when food prices go up, the malnutrition increases as well, what do these countries have in common?
no stocks or budget to protect the poor, and countries that depend on food imports
SSA africa
what are smallholders
person who manages agricluture smaller than a farm basically enough for their household
do smallholders benefit from high food prices
no bc they are isolated from international markets anf invesmtnet would be needed for them to join the international market
what are the househhold coping behaviours of higher food prices
buy less food, buy cheaper alternatives , which increases the protein energey malnutrition
work more and spend less on non work activities makoing you sicker and less on education so malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies
in short term , how can you buffer domestic price volatility?
domestic supply stock, trade, have subsidies, and safety nets, and export ban of your food or make some trade controls
what can you do in long term to buffer domestic price volatility
increase productivity, sustainability and resilience in agriculture
what are two popular polciies to adress high food prices
reduce taxes on foodgrains, and apply price controls or subsidies
are productivity varying by richness of country
yes
what are some reasons for low productivity
missing achess to technology
bad adaptation to technolgoies
poor eduction and health of workers
the countries that are buying land vs the countries that have their land bought what are some countries
buying land : USA, arabs emirate, GB, india
selling their land: south sudan,. congo, mosambique, sudan
what is human capital
knowledge of laborors
how does climate change impact crop production
cold periods, heavy rain, drought will all damage the crops
what is the EPI (environemtnal performance index)?
protection of human health and protection of ecosystems
rich countries have good EPI
whar are the three pillars of Climate smart agriculture ?
increase agriculture productivity and incomes
buidling resilience to climate change
reduce/remove carbon emissions
is CSA a set of universally applied practices?
no , its different elements embedded in local context
do we conserve ecosystem services that are important to food security, agriculture developmetn ?
yes, ecosystem servies are plants that clean air or water, bees polinate flowers, tree roots help with spoil erosion
how does CSA mitigate carbon or reduce carbon emission
we make most of soils and trees and act as a carbon sink
for CSA, in terms of productivity could you also say its sustainable intensification
yes
what is sustanable intensification
increase productivity without a bad effect on the environement. this will be good for food security
how do you do sustainable intensification?
good famring practices
- healthy soil
-wide range of species and rotation
-quality seed with high yield
-integrated pest management
-mage water efficiency
better resilience to market schocks and climate risk
what is conservation agriculture on terms of CSA
its for adaptation
to strengthen their resilience and adapt quickly to schocks and long term stresserrs
particular attention to protect the ecosymstem services
how do you do conservation agriculture
variety and protect and give them healthier environments
direct seeding
permanet soil cover (protect against sun and too much rain, good microclimate)
rotation of crops (diverse diet of microorganisam explore different soil layers for nutrients)
what is direct seeding (for conservation agriculture)
no tillage which is better for the soil, no mechanical seedbed preperation
