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development economics > ch 4 food insecurity > Flashcards

ch 4 food insecurity Flashcards

1
Q

what is PEM ? Protein energy malnutrition

A

lack of calories and protein

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2
Q

what is wasting?

A

result of PEM and rapid weight loss, recent and severe weight loss

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3
Q

what is stunting?

A

slow process , chronic undernutrition

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4
Q

what are the four dimesions of food security? (AAUS)

A

availability, access to food, utilization and stability

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5
Q

what is availability of food

A

domestic production, importing, food stocks and food aid

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6
Q

what is access to food

A

purchasing power, poverty, food distribution

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7
Q

what is stability of food security

A

price flutuations, political factors, economic and weather factors

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8
Q

what is utilization with food security

A

food safety, acccess to clean water, health and sanitation

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9
Q

what is hidden hunger

A

micronutirent (mineral and vitamin) deficiency

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10
Q

what are some determinants of food availability

A

technology adapptation for agriculture production
credit availability (good effect on agriculture)
education (farm production and utilisation)
age ( boss age correlates to efficiency)

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11
Q

food availabiöity and hunger over the last 30 years has ——

A

better availability and lower hunger

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12
Q

what does chronic and transitory food security mean

A

long term vs short term

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13
Q

whats baseline vs current food security

A

baseline means normally its like that and current is right now

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14
Q

in terms of calories what is food secure

A

2100 kcals per day

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15
Q

where are the countries that need emergency food assistance as well high in hunger?

A

SSA africa and india

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16
Q

what is a bilateral programme aid ?

A

50% full grant and other half sold to recipient country at lower prices

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17
Q

what are cash based food safety nets

A

give households money for food eeither unconditionally or conditionally showing attendance of children

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18
Q

what are food access based programmes

A

cash trasnfer that HAS to be spend on food or food stamps

19
Q

what are food supply based programmes

A

give food directly when food markets dont work

20
Q

when food prices go up, but the undernourishment doesnt increase , how do they do it ?

A

trade restrictions, safety nets , they protect their markets from international turbulences
china,india

21
Q

when food prices go up and the malnutrishion goes a lot down (so its really great for them) in what kind of countries does that happen

A

in net food exporting countries bc more exports mean better income for them ,and they can afford more food (thailand vietnam)

22
Q

when food prices go up, the malnutrition increases as well, what do these countries have in common?

A

no stocks or budget to protect the poor, and countries that depend on food imports
SSA africa

23
Q

what are smallholders

A

person who manages agricluture smaller than a farm basically enough for their household

24
Q

do smallholders benefit from high food prices

A

no bc they are isolated from international markets anf invesmtnet would be needed for them to join the international market

25
Q

what are the househhold coping behaviours of higher food prices

A

buy less food, buy cheaper alternatives , which increases the protein energey malnutrition
work more and spend less on non work activities makoing you sicker and less on education so malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies

26
Q

in short term , how can you buffer domestic price volatility?

A

domestic supply stock, trade, have subsidies, and safety nets, and export ban of your food or make some trade controls

27
Q

what can you do in long term to buffer domestic price volatility

A

increase productivity, sustainability and resilience in agriculture

28
Q

what are two popular polciies to adress high food prices

A

reduce taxes on foodgrains, and apply price controls or subsidies

29
Q

are productivity varying by richness of country

A

yes

30
Q

what are some reasons for low productivity

A

missing achess to technology
bad adaptation to technolgoies
poor eduction and health of workers

31
Q

the countries that are buying land vs the countries that have their land bought what are some countries

A

buying land : USA, arabs emirate, GB, india

selling their land: south sudan,. congo, mosambique, sudan

32
Q

what is human capital

A

knowledge of laborors

33
Q

how does climate change impact crop production

A

cold periods, heavy rain, drought will all damage the crops

34
Q

what is the EPI (environemtnal performance index)?

A

protection of human health and protection of ecosystems

rich countries have good EPI

35
Q

whar are the three pillars of Climate smart agriculture ?

A

increase agriculture productivity and incomes
buidling resilience to climate change
reduce/remove carbon emissions

36
Q

is CSA a set of universally applied practices?

A

no , its different elements embedded in local context

37
Q

do we conserve ecosystem services that are important to food security, agriculture developmetn ?

A

yes, ecosystem servies are plants that clean air or water, bees polinate flowers, tree roots help with spoil erosion

38
Q

how does CSA mitigate carbon or reduce carbon emission

A

we make most of soils and trees and act as a carbon sink

39
Q

for CSA, in terms of productivity could you also say its sustainable intensification

A

yes

40
Q

what is sustanable intensification

A

increase productivity without a bad effect on the environement. this will be good for food security

41
Q

how do you do sustainable intensification?

A

good famring practices
- healthy soil
-wide range of species and rotation
-quality seed with high yield
-integrated pest management
-mage water efficiency

better resilience to market schocks and climate risk

42
Q

what is conservation agriculture on terms of CSA

A

its for adaptation
to strengthen their resilience and adapt quickly to schocks and long term stresserrs
particular attention to protect the ecosymstem services

43
Q

how do you do conservation agriculture

A

variety and protect and give them healthier environments

direct seeding
permanet soil cover (protect against sun and too much rain, good microclimate)
rotation of crops (diverse diet of microorganisam explore different soil layers for nutrients)

44
Q

what is direct seeding (for conservation agriculture)

A

no tillage which is better for the soil, no mechanical seedbed preperation

development economics (5 decks)

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