Ch 6 & 8 Flashcards
1
Q
The child’s cognitive representation of self the substance and content of the child’s self conceptions
A
Self understanding
2
Q
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage associated with early childhood is
A
Initiative versus guilt
3
Q
Children’s initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt which ______ self esteem
A
Lowers
4
Q
In early childhood, children often provide self descriptions that involve
A
Bodily attributes, material possessions, and physical activities
5
Q
As children approach their 3rd birthday, their collaborative interactions with others increasingly involve
A
Obligations to the partner
6
Q
The young child’s growing awareness of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of
A
Emotions
7
Q
To experience _______ _______children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
A
Self-concious emotions
8
Q
What are some examples of self-conscious emotions?
A
Pride shame embarrassment and guilt
9
Q
_______ ________ plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face and interacting with others.
A
Regulating emotions
10
Q
Emotion regulation in children serves as a buffer against
A
Internalizing symptoms associated with peer victimization
11
Q
A low level of emotion regulation at age 5 was associated with
A
1.Emotional and school problems at age 10
2. Higher level of externalizing problems in adolescence
12
Q
A key concept and describing the young child’s higher level cognitive skills
A
Executive function
13
Q
What are the 2 different emotion parenting approaches
A
- Emotion coaching
- Emotion dismissing
14
Q
Parenting style that monitors their children’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
A
Emotion coaching parents
15
Q
Parenting style that views their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.
A
Emotion dismissing parents
16
Q
- Have a positive emotional demeanor and mood when interacting with children
- Validate a children’s emotions
- Help children learn to use emotion strategies that make them feel better or figure out how to solve the problem that produced the emotional distress
- Discuss emotions with children, helping them to label emotions accurately and understand the contexts and causes of emotion
These are all habits of a _________ caregiver
A
Supportive
17
Q
- Express uncontrolled or excessive negativity, such as becoming very irritated or displaying strong anger and hostility towards children
- Punish a child for emotions and feelings
- Dismiss or ignore a child’s expressions of emotion
These are all habits of an _______ caregiver
A
Unsupportive
18
Q
The ability to modulate one’s emotions is an important skill that benefits children and their relationships with
A
Peers because emotionally positive children are more popular
19
Q
The development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do and their interactions with other people.
A
Moral development
20
Q
What are the different aspects of moral development
A
- Moral feelings
- Moral reasoning
- Moral behavior
21
Q
According to Froid, children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with their parents and internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thereby developing the
A
Superego
22
Q
The moral element of the personality
A
The super ego
23
Q
Responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings
A
Empathy
24
Q
The ability to discern another person’s emotional state
A
Perspective taking
25
Piaget concluded that children go through 2 distinct stages and how they think about morality
1. Heteronomous morality
2. Autonomous morality
26
1. The 1st stage of Piaget's theory of moral development
2. Ages 4 to 7
3. Children think of Justice and rules as unchangeable properties that are beyond the control of people
Heteronomous morality
27
During this age of Piaget's moral development theory, children are in a period of transition, showing some of the 1st stage of moral reasoning and some of the 2nd stage.
7-10
28
1. 2nd stage of Piaget's moral development theory
2. Age 10 and older
3. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the action's consequences
2. Autonomous morality
29
The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be metted out immediately
Immanent Justice
30
The behavioral and social cognitive approach to development focuses on moral ______ rather than moral ______. It holds that the process of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior.
Moral behavior rather than moral reasoning
31
Social cognitive theorists also emphasize that the ability to resist temptation is closely tied to the development of
Self control
32
Characteristics of people as females and males
Gender
33
The sense of being male or female which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old
Gender identity
34
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel. During the preschool years, most children increasingly act in ways that match their cultures _____ _____
Gender roles
35
What are the 3 main social theories of gender that have been proposed
1. Social role theory
2. Psychoanalytic theory
3. Social cognitive theory
36
Alice Eagly proposed ______, which states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men
Social role theory
37
The ________ Stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent. At age 5 or 6, the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. The child identifies with the same sex parent, unconsciously adopting that parents characteristics.
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
38
What are issues with Freud's psychoanalytic theory of gender?
1. Children become gender typed much earlier than age 5 or 6
2. Children become masculine or feminine even when the same sex parent is not present in the family
39
Children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior is known as what theory
Social cognitive theory of gender
40
Parents influenced their children's gender development by ______ and by _______
Action and example
41
What are mothers socialization strategies?
Socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy
42
What are fathers socialization strategies?
Fathers show more attention to their sons than their daughters, engage in more activities with their sons, and put forth more effort to promote their sons intellectual development.
43
Peers become so important to gender development that the playground has been described as
"Gender school"
44
The very term ______ implies broad social acceptance of girls adopting traditional male behaviors
"Tomboy"
45
One influential cognitive theory is _______, which States that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.
Gender schema theory
46
A _______ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions
A schema
47
A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. This parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. This type of parenting is associated with children's social and competence.
Authoritarian parenting
48
A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal given take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. This type of parenting is associated with children's social competence.
Authoritative parenting
49
A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self control.
Neglectful parenting
50
A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. This type of parenting is associated with children social incompetence, especially a lack of self control.
Indulgent parenting
51
Use of Corporal physical punishment is legal in every state in the United States in a study of more than 11000 US parents, what percent of the parents reported spanking their children by the time they reached kindergarten?
80%
52
Physical punishment was outlawed in ___ countries in 2020 (up from 34 in 2012)
59
53
What are some reasons to avoid spanking or similar punishments?
1. When adults punish a child by yelling screaming or spanking they are presenting children with out of control models for handling stressful situations. Children may imitate this behavior.
2. Punishment can install fear, rage, or avoidance.
3. Punishment tells children what not to do rather than what to do.
4. Parents might unintentionally become so angry when they are punishing the child that they become abusive.
54
Most child psychologists recommend handling must behavior by
Reasoning with the child, especially explaining the consequences of the child's actions for others
55
The child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.
Time out
56
Refers to the support that parents give each other in raising a child
Is co-parenting
57
Research has shown that coparenting is more beneficial than either maternal or paternal parenting and help and children to develop
Self control
58
Types of child maltreatment
1. Physical abuse
2. Child neglect
3. Sexual abuse
4. Emotional abuse
59
Is characterized by failure to provide for the child's basic needs. Can be physical, educational, or emotional
Child neglect
60
Includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems.
Emotional abuse
61
According to Freud and Ericsson, play helps the child master
Anxieties and conflicts
62
Therapist use ______ both to allow the child to work off frustrations and to analyze the child's conflicts and ways of coping with them.
Play therapy
63
Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising they're existing sensorimotor schemes
Sensorimotor play
64
Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice play
65
Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.
Pretense/symbolic play
66
Play that involves social interactions with peers
Social play
67
Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. This type of play occurs when children engage in self regulated creation or construction of a product or a problem solution
Constructive play
68
Activities engage in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition between 2 or more individuals
Games
69
The American Academy of pediatrics recommends that 2 to 5 year olds watch no more than how many hours of TVA day
1
70
The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Perspective taking
71
The global evaluative dimension of the self. This is also referred to as self worth or self image.
Self esteem
72
Domain specific evaluations of the Self
Self concept
73
The belief that 1 can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
Self efficacy
74
The lowest level in colberg's theory of moral development. The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
Preconventional reasoning
75
The 2nd, or intermediate, level and culberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society.
Conventional reasoning
76
The highest level in colberg's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
Post conventional reasoning
77
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions
Justice perspective
78
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others is known as the
Care perspective
79
What are Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking
1. Preconventional reasoning
2. conventional reasoning
3. post conventional reasoning
80
Why was Kohlberg's theory on moral development criticized?
1. Placing too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior
2. Conscious/deliberate vs unconscious/automatic
3. Gender and the care Perspective
81
Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children's and adolescence attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Domain theory of moral development
82
Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
Social conventional reasoning
83
Broad categories that reflect societies impressions and beliefs about females and males
Gender stereotypes
84
This children who were frequently nominated as a best friend or a rarely disliked by their peers
Popular children
85
This children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
Average children
86
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
Neglected children
87
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
Rejected children
88
Children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked
Controversial children
89
A learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
Constructivist approach
90
A structured, teacher centered approach that is characterized by teacher's direction and control, high teacher expectations for students progress, maximum time spent by students on learning tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative effect to a minimum
Is direct instruction approach
91
The cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves
Mindset
92
Children with ____ self esteem are more likely to be securely attached to their parents and have parents who engage in sensitive care giving.
High
93
What are some consequences of low self esteem
Overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, drug use, and delinquency
94
What are the best strategies for improving children self esteem?
1. Identify the causes of low self esteem
2. Provide emotional support and social approval
3. Help children achieve
4. Help children cope
95
Albert Bandura States that self efficacy is a critical factor in whether or not students
Achieve
96
Dale Schunk Thinks self efficacy influences a student's choice of
Activities
97
In a study of almost 17003 to 7 year old children, self regulation was a protective factor for children growing up in
Low social economic status conditions
98
Children become interested in how things are made and how they work describes what part of Erik Erikson's fourth stage
Industry
99
Conversely, parents who see their children's efforts at making things as mischief or making a mess will tend to Foster a sense of ______ in their children
Inferiority
100
What are some developmental changes in emotions during middle and late childhood
1. Improved emotional understanding
2. Increase understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
3. Increase tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions
4. Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
5. The use of self initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
6. A capacity for genuine empathy
101
What social emotional educational programs have been developed to improve many aspects of children's and adolescent lives
1. Second step
2. Casel
102
Social emotional educational program that focuses on self regulation and executive function skills, solving problems, communication skills, coping with stress, decision making skills
Second step
103
A social emotional educational program that focuses on self awareness, self management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decisions making.
CASEL
104
The more severe the disaster or trauma, the worst the adaptation and adjustment following the event is known as the
Dose-response effects
105
What recommendations have been made caring for children after a disaster
1. Reassure children of their safety and security
2. Allow children to retel events and be patient and listening to them
3. Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings, reassuring them that such feelings are normal after a stressful event
4. Protect children from re exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma
5. Help children make sense of what happened, keeping in mind that children may misunderstand what took place.
106
During the elementary school years, children have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked with being male or female
T/F
True
107
Harming someone by manipulating a relationship
Relational aggression
108
Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting
T/F
True
109
The most important practices as a managerial parent are maintaining a structured and organized family environment, such as...
Establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime, and so on
110
Catherine Kearns found that secure attachment is associated with a lower level of
Internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children
111
What are the 3 common types of step family structures
1.Stepfather
2. Stepmother
3. Blended or complex
112
Researchers estimate that the percentage of time spent in social interactions with peers increases from approximately 10% at 2 years of age to more than ____% in middle and late childhood.
30%
113
A term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group
Socio metric status
114
Involves thoughts about social matters, such as an aggressive voice interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates perception of his behavior as inappropriate
Social cognition
115
Kenneth Dodge argues that children go through 6 steps in processing information about their social world, those are
Social cues, attribute intent, generate goals, access behavioral scripts from memory, make decisions, and enact behavior
116
Nearly ______ said that they had experienced occasional or frequent involvement as a victim or perpetrator in bullying.
1/3
117
Children's friendships can serve 6 functions, what are they?
Companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, affection and intimacy
118
Advocates of the constructivist approach in schools argue that the direct instruction approach turns children into passive learners and does not adequately challenge them to think in critical and creative ways.
T/F
True
119
Advocates of the direct instruction approach in schools say that the constructivist approach does not give enough attention to the content of a discipline, such as history or science
T/F
True
120
When was the No Child Left Behind legislation signed into law
2002
121
The common core state standards initiative was endorsed by the national governor's associative was endorsed by the national governor's association in an effort to implement more rigorous state guidelines for educating students and was signed in what year
2009
122
The most recent accountability initiative Is the every student succeeds act which was signed into law by what year and is still a work in progress
2015
123
In which they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
Fixed mindset
124
In which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort
Growth mindset
