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Lifespan PSYC > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Identity development does not happen _______, and it does not happen ________.

A. Neatly, cataclysmically
B. Quickly, structured

A

A. Neatly, cataclysmically (destructive)

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2
Q

Today as a result of Erickson’s masterful thinking and analysis, identity is considered _____

A. Unimportant to adolescence
B. A key aspect of adolescent development
C. A key aspect in early adulthood

A

B. A key aspect of adolescent development

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3
Q

Recall that in Erickson’s theory, his 5th developmental stage, which individuals experience during adolescence, is ______ versus ______

A

Identity vs Identity confusion

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4
Q

During the identity versus identity confusion stage Erickson said adolescents are faced with deciding what?

A

Who they are
What they are all about
Where they are going in life

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5
Q

The search for an identity during adolescence is aided by a _______ _______

A

Psychosocial moratorium

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6
Q

Erickson’s term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

A

Psychosocial moratorium

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7
Q

Marcia classifies individuals based on the existence or extent of their ______ or _____

A

Crisis or commitment

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8
Q

A period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives

A

Crisis

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9
Q

Personal investment in identity

A

Commitment

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10
Q

James Marcia’s term for adolescents who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments

A

Identity diffusion

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11
Q

James Marcia’s term for adolescents who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis

A

Identity for closure

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12
Q

James Marcia’s term for adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined

A

Identity moratorium

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13
Q

James Marcia’s term for adolescents who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment

A

Identity achievement

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14
Q

Some critics argue that the identity status approach does not provide enough depth and understanding ______ ______

A

Identity development

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15
Q

The newer dual cycle identity model separates identity development into 2 processes, those are

A
  1. Formation cycle
  2. Maintenence cycle
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16
Q

The cycle of the newer dual cycle identity model that relies on exploration in breath and identification with commitment

A

Formation cycle

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17
Q

The cycle in the newer dual cycle identity model that involves exploration in depth as well as reconsideration of commitments

A

Maintenance cycle

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18
Q

This approach is one way that researchers are now examining identity changes in depth

A

Narrative approach

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19
Q

This approach involves asking individuals to tell their life stories and evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated

A

Narrative approach

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20
Q

This term refers to the stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others. Beginning in adolescence and young adulthood, these are the stories we live by.

A

Narrative identity

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21
Q

Researchers are developing a consensus that the key changes in identity are most likely to take place in

A

Emerging adulthood, the period from about 18 to 25 years of age

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22
Q

From the years proceeding high school through the last few years of college, the number of individuals who are identity achieved ________, whereas the number of individuals who are identity diffused _________

A. Increases, increases
B. Decreases, increases
C. Increases, decreases

A

C. Increases, decreases

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23
Q

Many young adolescents are part of which 4 statuses of identity

A

Identity diffusion

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24
Q

Marcio points out that the 1st identity is

A

Not, and should not be regarded as, the final product

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25
Q

a meta analysis on identity, adolescence who were ________ are more likely to be securely attached to their parents than adolescents who were _______ or _______

A

Identity achieved, Identity diffused, identity foreclosed

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26
Q

An entering aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership and an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership

A

Ethnic identity

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27
Q

Most adolescence from ethnic minorities develop a

A

Bicultural identity

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28
Q

They identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

A

Bicultural identity

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29
Q

For ethnic minority individuals, _____ and _____ are often special junctures in their development

A

Adolescent and emerging adulthood

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30
Q

Individuals consciously confront their ethnicity for the 1st time in

A

Adolescence or emerging adulthood

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31
Q

This generation of immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much; they may or may not develop a new identity. The degree to which they begin to feel “American” appears to be related to whether or not they learn English, develop social networks beyond their ethnic group, and become culturally competent in their new country.

A

1st generation

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32
Q

This generation of immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as “American” possibly because citizenship is granted at birth. Their ethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention of their ethnic language and social networks.

A

2nd generation

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33
Q

In this generation the issues become more complex. Historical, contextual, and political factors that are unrelated to at culturation may affect the extent to which members of this generation retain their ethnic identities.

A

3rd and later generations

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34
Q

For non European ethnic groups, _____ and ____ influence whether ethnic identity is retained

A

Racism and discrimination

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35
Q

A key aspect of the managerial role of parenting is _______ ________ , which is especially important as children move into the adolescent years

A

Effective monitoring

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36
Q

Monitoring includes supervising adolescence choice of

A

Social settings, activities, and friends, as well as their academic efforts.

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37
Q

In a recent study of 5th to 8th graders, a ______ level of parental monitoring was associated with students having ______ grades

A

Higher level, higher grades

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38
Q

A research meta analysis also found that a higher level of parental monitoring and rule enforcement or linked to

A

Later initiation of sexual intercourse and higher rates of condom use by adolescence

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39
Q

Another recent study revealed that when parents had little awareness of their whereabouts, adolescent girls were more likely too

A

Smoke cigarettes and to initiate smoking at an earlier stage

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40
Q

When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescence are blank to disclose information

A

More likely

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41
Q

Researchers have found that adolescents disclosure to parents about their whereabouts, activities, and friends is linked to

A

Positive adolescent adjustment

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42
Q

Recent research indicated that adolescents who engaged in _____ ______ were more secretive and disclosed less information to parents

A

Problem behavior

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43
Q

A recent study also found that from 16 to 20 years of age, adolescence perceive that they had

A

Increasing independence and improve relationship with their parents

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44
Q

Boys are given _____ _______ than girls

A

More independence

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45
Q

Latino parents ______ and ______ their daughters more closely than is the case for non Latino parents

A

Protect and monitor

46
Q

Much parent adolescent conflict involves the everyday events of family life, such as

A

Keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, returning home by a certain time, and not talking endlessly on the phone.

47
Q

A research review concluded that parent adolescent conflict ________ from early adolescence through late adolescence

A

Decreases

48
Q

Parent adolescent relationships also become more _____ if adolescents go away to college rather than if they attend college while living at home

A

Positive

49
Q

Recognizing that ______ and ______ can serve a positive developmental function can tone down parental hostility

A

Conflict and negotiation

50
Q

This person was the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships argued that friends are important in shaping the development of basic social needs such as the need for tenderness, playful companionship, social acceptance, intimacy, and sexual relations.

A

Harry stack Sullivan

51
Q

_____ _______ has become the main way adolescents connect with friends, surpassing even face-to-face contact

A

Text messaging

52
Q

A recent analysis described a 5 ways in which social media transform adolescent peer relationships those are

A
  1. Changing the frequency or immediacy of experiences and demands
  2. Altering the qualitative aspects of interactions
  3. Facilitating new opportunities for compensatory behaviors
  4. Creating completely novel behaviors
53
Q

Around the 8th and 9th grades, conformity to Pierce especially to their anti social standards does what

A

Peaks

54
Q

At this point, adolescents are most likely to go along with the peer too

A

Still hubcaps off a car, paint graffiti on a wall, or steel cosmetics from a store counter

55
Q

Adolescents are more likely to conform to their peers when they are ______ about their social identity and when they are in the presence of someone they perceive to have ______ ______ than they do

A

Uncertain, higher status

56
Q

Also, a recent study found that _____ were more likely to be influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behavior than _____

A

boys, girls

57
Q

A small group that ranges from 2 to about 12 individuals, averaging about 5 or 6 individuals, and often consists of adolescence who engage in similar activities

A

Clique

58
Q

A larger group structure than a click, a crowd usually form based on reputation, and members may or may not spend much time together

A

Crowd

59
Q

In a recent study of adolescents, risky behavior was associated with 2 crowds

A

Hip hop crowd
Alternative crowd

60
Q

The crowd that was especially linked with substant use and violence

A

Hip hop crowd

61
Q

The crowd that was associated with substance use, depression, suicide, bullying, physical in activity, and obesity

A

Alternative crowd

62
Q

This crowd were characterized by a lower level of risk taking for most behaviors

A

The mainstream and popular crowds

63
Q

What are the 3 stages characterized the development of romantic relationships and adolescence

A
  1. Entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11 to 13
  2. Exploring romantic relationships at approximately age 14 to 16
  3. Consolidating dynamic romantic bonds at about age 17 to 19
64
Q

There are 2 variations on these stages in the development of romantic relationships and adolescence, they are

A

Early bloomers and late bloomers

65
Q

These bloomers include 15 to 20% of 11 to 13 year olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship and 35% who indicate that they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships

A

Early bloomers

66
Q

These bloomers comprise approximately 10% of 17 to 19 year olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships and another 15% who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than 4 months

A

Late bloomers

67
Q

One study found that _______ bloomers externalized problems behaviors through adolescence more than their on time and _______ bloomer counterparts

A

Early bloomers, late bloomers

68
Q

What 3 things often dictate the age at which dating begins, how much freedom and dating is allowed, whether dates must be shopruned by adults or parents, and the rules of males and females and dating

A

Values, religious beliefs, and traditions

69
Q

This may become a source of conflict within a family if the parents grew up in cultures where dating began at a late age, little freedom and dating was allowed, dates were chaperone, and dating was especially restricted for adolus and girls

A

Dating

70
Q

One study of 210th graders revealed that the more romantic experiences they had the more likely they were to report

However, having more romantic experience also was linked to a higher level of

A

High levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence

Substance use, delequency, and sexual behavior

71
Q

Overall, fewer adolescence around the world die from _______ ________ and _______ now than in the past

A

Infectious diseases and malnutrition

72
Q

However, a number of adolescents health compromising behaviors like elicited drug use and unprotected sex are

A

Increasing in frequency

73
Q

Around the world, the experiences of male and female adolescents continue to be quite different. Except in a few regions such as

A

Japan, the Philippines, and Western countries

74
Q

Gender differences and sexual expressions are widespread, especially in

A

India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Arab countries where there are far more restrictions on the sexual activity of adolescent females than on that of males

75
Q

A ceremony original that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another

A

Rite of passage

76
Q

Right of passage focus on the transition too

A

Adult status

77
Q

And many primitive cultures, rights of passage are the Avenue through which adolescence gain access 2

A

Sacred adult practices, knowledge, and sexuality

78
Q

What type of ceremonies come the closest to being culture wide rights of passage in the US

A

Graduation

79
Q

Adolescents from blank backgrounds are at a risk for experiencing low achievement and emotional problems, as well as lower occupational attainment in adulthood

A

Low socio economic status background

80
Q

A recent study found that lower SES was associated with

A

Less cortical surface in the brain of adolescence and less effective working memory

81
Q

These families are those in which at least one of the parents was born outside the country of residents

A

Immigrant families

82
Q

Immigrants often experience stressors uncommon to or less prominent among long time residents, such as

A

Language barriers, dislocations and separations from support networks, the dual struggle to preserve identity and 2A culturate, and changes in socio economic status

83
Q

Many individuals and immigrant families are dealing with the problem of being

A

Undocumented

84
Q

Living in a _______ _______ can affect children’s development outcomes their parents being unwilling to sign up for services for which they are eligible, through conditions link to low wage work and lack of benefits, through stress, and through a lack of cognitive stimulation in the home

A

Undocumented family

85
Q

Many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage, they are

A
  1. Prejudice
  2. Stressful effects of poverty
86
Q

Although some ethnic minority youth come from middle income backgrounds, economic advantage does not entirely enable them to escape the ______, _______, and _____ associated with being a member of an ethic minority group

A

Is prejudice, discrimination, and bias

87
Q

Even Japanese Americans, who are often characterized as a “_______ _______” because of their strong achievement orientation and family cohesiveness, still experienced stress associated with ethnic minority status

A

Model minority

88
Q

This term includes how much time individuals spend watching television or dvds, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media such as iphones

A

Screen time

89
Q

This one study revealed that less screen time was associated with adolescence having

A

A better quality of life

90
Q

Another study found that nighttime mobile phone use and pour sleep behavior increased from ages

In this study, increase nighttime mobile phone use was linked to

A

13 to 16 years
Externalizing problems as well as decreases in self esteem and coping

91
Q

In recent research on 13 to 18 year olds in the US and the United Kingdom, adolescent _____ spent more time on smartphones, social media, texting, and computer use online and offline, while _____ spent more time engaging in gaming and using electronic devices in general

A

Girls, boys

92
Q

Heavy users of digital media were twice as likely as low users to have low psychological well being and mental health issues

T/F

A

True For both boys and girls

93
Q

To better understand various aspects of US adolescents media use what family funded national surveys in 1999, 2004, and 2009

A

The Kaiser family foundation

94
Q

In the 2009 survey what age used media for 5 hours and 29 minutes A-day

A

8 to 11 year olds

95
Q

And they 2009 survey what age use media on an average of 8 hours and 40 minutes A-day

A

11 to 14 year olds

96
Q

In the 2009 survey what age Use media and average of 7 hours and 58 minutes A-day

A

15 to 18 year olds

97
Q

Thus, media use jumps more than how many hours in early adolescence

A

Three hours

98
Q

The more screen time adolescence have, the more their blank suffers

A

Academic achievement

99
Q

Higher levels of parental monitoring of children’s and adolescence media use have been linked to a number of positive outcomes including

A

More sleep, better school performance, less aggressive behavior, and more prosocial behavior

100
Q

A major trend in the use of technology Is the dramatic increase in

A

Media multitasking

101
Q

Heavy media multitaskers were more likely to be depressed and have social anxiety than their corner parts who engaged in a lower incidence of media multitasking

A

Be depressed and have social anxiety

102
Q

What are the primary drivers of increased media use by adolescence

A

Portable electronic devices such as smartphones

103
Q

What percent of adolescence owned phones in 2004 2009 and 2018

A

39%, 66%, and 95%

104
Q

Applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal

A

Juvenile delinquent

105
Q

A broad concept, encompassing legal infractions that range from littering To murder

A

Juvenile delinquency

106
Q

Official records do not accurately reflect the number of illegal acts juvenile delinquents commit because of

A

The adolescent only becomes a juvenile delinquent after being judged guilty of a crime by a court of law

107
Q

In 2017 in the US, there were how many delinquency cases in which juveniles were charged with violating criminal laws

A

818 900

Down from 1,400,000 in 2010 but up from 400,000 in 1960

108
Q

Blank are more likely to engage and delequency than blank

A

Males, females

109
Q

Rates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from what to what percent for adolescence

A

15 to 20%

110
Q

Adolescents who are experiencing a what level of stress and/or a loss of some type are at what risk for developing depression

A

High level, increased risk

111
Q

Adolescent females are far more likely to develop depression than are their male counterparts

T/F

A

True

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