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anatomy and physiology > CH 6&7 SKELETAL AND BONES > Flashcards

CH 6&7 SKELETAL AND BONES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell?

A

Lamella

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2
Q

____ bone looks smooth and homogenous

A

compact

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3
Q

T or F: storage of lipids, attachment for muscles, and site of red blood cell formation are functions of the skeleton

A

TRUE

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4
Q

the______ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body’s center of gravity

A

axis

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5
Q

how many bones does the upper limb have?

A

30

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6
Q

what are the two bone structures?

A

compact and spongy

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7
Q

T or F: osteogenic layer is the anchoring for tendons and ligaments

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Which membrane contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells?

A

Endosteum membrane

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9
Q

T or F: yellow marrow cannot convert to red marrow

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What are projections?

A

sites of muscle/ligaments attachment and pull or joint modifications

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11
Q

what are depressions and openings?

A

allows blood vessels and nerves to pass

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12
Q

the five major cell types are osteogenic, ______, osteocytes, _________, and osteoclasts

A

osteoblast and bone lining

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13
Q

what cell is on external bone surface?

A

periosteal

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14
Q

what cell is lining internal surfaces?

A

endosteal

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15
Q

_______________ cells monitor and maintain bone matrix

A

oseocytes

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16
Q

osteogenic cells can also be called ______

A

osteoprogenitor

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17
Q

what does the ruffled borders do?

A

increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix

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18
Q

a compact bone is also called

A

lamellar

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19
Q

lacunae-

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

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20
Q

canliculi-

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

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21
Q

T or F: spongy bone is highly organized

A

FALSE

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22
Q

Endochondrial ossification forms most all bones ______ to base of skull

A

inferior

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23
Q

what does epiphyseal plate closure do

A

bone lengthening ceases, bone of epiphyses and diaphyses fuses

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24
Q

growth hormone-

A

most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

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25
Q

thyroid hormone-

A

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensures proper proportions

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26
Q

what are the two types of ossification?

A

endochondrial and intramembranous

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27
Q

intramembranous ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by ____________ cells

A

mesenchymal

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28
Q

appositional growth is growth in ____

A

width

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29
Q

hypercalcemia-

A

sustained high blood calcium levels, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, kidneys can interfere with function

30
Q

T or F: serotonin is a hormone released by adipose tissue

A

FALSE

31
Q

what are the three fracture classifications in bone repair?

A

completeness of break, position of bone ends after fracture, whether skin is penetrated

32
Q

the reduction treatment is when the ______ of the broken bone ends

A

realignment

33
Q

list the stages of bone repair where the hematoma forms

A

torn blood vessels hemorrhage, clot (hematoma) forms, site swollen, painful and inflammed

34
Q

what are the two homeostatic imbalances?

A

osteomalacia and rickets

35
Q

what does osteomalacia do?

A

bones poorly mineralized, calcium salts not adequate, soft, weak bones, pain upon bearing weight

36
Q

what does rickets (osteomalacia of children) do?

A

bowed legs and other bone deformities, bones ends enlarged and abnormally long

37
Q

______ is a group of disease, bone resorption outplaces deposit, and spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible

A

osteporosis

38
Q

what is pagets disease

A

bone made fast and poorly, cause unknown

39
Q

T or F: pagets disease mostly always occurs before the age of 40

A

FALSE

40
Q

bone remodeling consists of both _______and ______

A

bone deposits and bone resorptions

41
Q

2 types of growth

A

axial and appendicular

42
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, and fribro

43
Q

hyaline

A

fibers only- articular, coastal, respiratory, nasal

44
Q

elastic

A

ear and epiglottis flexibility

45
Q

firbro

A

thick collagen fibers- meniscus, pubic synthesis, vertebral discs

46
Q

what three bones have thin plates, covered by compact. no shaft/epiphyses. plates between c.t. membrane periosteum (outer layer) and endosteum no marrow cavity. hyaline cartilage covers articular surface

A

short/irregular/flat

47
Q

what are the two membranes

A

endosteum and periosteum

48
Q

_____ layer- contain stem cells (osteogenic cells) vascularized and innervated

A

osteogenic

49
Q

______ covers trabaculae of spongy bone. lines canals that pass through. contain ____ cells that can differentiate into other cells bones

A

endosteum and osteogenic

50
Q

_____ bone forming. secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid)

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

________ maintain matrix mature bone cells in lacunae. stress/strain sensors. osteoclasts (cells that destory bone)

A

osteocytes

52
Q

______ reabsorption when active in resorption by and has ruffled borders derived from hematopoietic stem cells turn to machrophages

A

osteoclasts

53
Q

_____ hollow tubes of bone matrix

A

lamellae

54
Q

spongy bone

A

poorly organized. trabeculae align along lines of stress. no osteons capillaries in enosteum supply nutrients. hydroxypatities responsible for hardness

55
Q

______ bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

A

endochondrial ossification

56
Q

Intramembranes ossification

A

ossification center appears in fibrous c.t. mensesdryl cells cluster to form ossification center

57
Q

Interstitual growth requires presence of ________

A

epiphyseal cartilage

58
Q

5 zones in cartilage

A

resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification zone

59
Q

_____ beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on outside on endosteal surface

A

osteblasts

60
Q

growth hormone-

A

stimulate epiphyses plate

61
Q

thyroid hormone-

A

modulate growth hormone proper portions

62
Q

testosterone/estrogens-

A

asolescent growth spurts, end growth by fussing epiphyseal plate

63
Q

hypercalcemia

A

sustained increase in blood calcium, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels

64
Q

leptin

A

hormone released by adipose tissue

65
Q

serotonin

A

regulate mood and sleep, made in gut, interefere with osteoblast activity, prozac can cause decrease in bone density

66
Q

_____ ossification forms most of the skeleton

A

endochondrial

67
Q

the ruffled border of ____ increased surface area for an enzyme

A

osteoclast

68
Q

spongy bone consists of a framework of honey comb called ___-

A

trabaculae

69
Q

volkmans canal- connect b.v. and nerves of ___, ____ and ____

A

periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

70
Q

Periosteum is secured by dense connective tissue called?

A

fibrous layer

71
Q

canals that runs through core of each osteon?

A

central canal

72
Q

what type of bone is longer than wide?

A

long bone

anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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