CH 6&7 SKELETAL AND BONES Flashcards
What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell?
Lamella
____ bone looks smooth and homogenous
compact
T or F: storage of lipids, attachment for muscles, and site of red blood cell formation are functions of the skeleton
TRUE
the______ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body’s center of gravity
axis
how many bones does the upper limb have?
30
what are the two bone structures?
compact and spongy
T or F: osteogenic layer is the anchoring for tendons and ligaments
TRUE
Which membrane contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells?
Endosteum membrane
T or F: yellow marrow cannot convert to red marrow
FALSE
What are projections?
sites of muscle/ligaments attachment and pull or joint modifications
what are depressions and openings?
allows blood vessels and nerves to pass
the five major cell types are osteogenic, ______, osteocytes, _________, and osteoclasts
osteoblast and bone lining
what cell is on external bone surface?
periosteal
what cell is lining internal surfaces?
endosteal
_______________ cells monitor and maintain bone matrix
oseocytes
osteogenic cells can also be called ______
osteoprogenitor
what does the ruffled borders do?
increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix
a compact bone is also called
lamellar
lacunae-
small cavities that contain osteocytes
canliculi-
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
T or F: spongy bone is highly organized
FALSE
Endochondrial ossification forms most all bones ______ to base of skull
inferior
what does epiphyseal plate closure do
bone lengthening ceases, bone of epiphyses and diaphyses fuses
growth hormone-
most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
thyroid hormone-
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensures proper proportions
what are the two types of ossification?
endochondrial and intramembranous
intramembranous ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by ____________ cells
mesenchymal
appositional growth is growth in ____
width
hypercalcemia-
sustained high blood calcium levels, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, kidneys can interfere with function
T or F: serotonin is a hormone released by adipose tissue
FALSE
what are the three fracture classifications in bone repair?
completeness of break, position of bone ends after fracture, whether skin is penetrated
the reduction treatment is when the ______ of the broken bone ends
realignment
list the stages of bone repair where the hematoma forms
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, clot (hematoma) forms, site swollen, painful and inflammed
what are the two homeostatic imbalances?
osteomalacia and rickets
what does osteomalacia do?
bones poorly mineralized, calcium salts not adequate, soft, weak bones, pain upon bearing weight
what does rickets (osteomalacia of children) do?
bowed legs and other bone deformities, bones ends enlarged and abnormally long
______ is a group of disease, bone resorption outplaces deposit, and spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
osteporosis
what is pagets disease
bone made fast and poorly, cause unknown
T or F: pagets disease mostly always occurs before the age of 40
FALSE
bone remodeling consists of both _______and ______
bone deposits and bone resorptions
2 types of growth
axial and appendicular
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, and fribro
hyaline
fibers only- articular, coastal, respiratory, nasal
elastic
ear and epiglottis flexibility
firbro
thick collagen fibers- meniscus, pubic synthesis, vertebral discs
what three bones have thin plates, covered by compact. no shaft/epiphyses. plates between c.t. membrane periosteum (outer layer) and endosteum no marrow cavity. hyaline cartilage covers articular surface
short/irregular/flat
what are the two membranes
endosteum and periosteum
_____ layer- contain stem cells (osteogenic cells) vascularized and innervated
osteogenic
______ covers trabaculae of spongy bone. lines canals that pass through. contain ____ cells that can differentiate into other cells bones
endosteum and osteogenic
_____ bone forming. secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid)
osteoblasts
________ maintain matrix mature bone cells in lacunae. stress/strain sensors. osteoclasts (cells that destory bone)
osteocytes
______ reabsorption when active in resorption by and has ruffled borders derived from hematopoietic stem cells turn to machrophages
osteoclasts
_____ hollow tubes of bone matrix
lamellae
spongy bone
poorly organized. trabeculae align along lines of stress. no osteons capillaries in enosteum supply nutrients. hydroxypatities responsible for hardness
______ bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
endochondrial ossification
Intramembranes ossification
ossification center appears in fibrous c.t. mensesdryl cells cluster to form ossification center
Interstitual growth requires presence of ________
epiphyseal cartilage
5 zones in cartilage
resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification zone
_____ beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on outside on endosteal surface
osteblasts
growth hormone-
stimulate epiphyses plate
thyroid hormone-
modulate growth hormone proper portions
testosterone/estrogens-
asolescent growth spurts, end growth by fussing epiphyseal plate
hypercalcemia
sustained increase in blood calcium, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels
leptin
hormone released by adipose tissue
serotonin
regulate mood and sleep, made in gut, interefere with osteoblast activity, prozac can cause decrease in bone density
_____ ossification forms most of the skeleton
endochondrial
the ruffled border of ____ increased surface area for an enzyme
osteoclast
spongy bone consists of a framework of honey comb called ___-
trabaculae
volkmans canal- connect b.v. and nerves of ___, ____ and ____
periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
Periosteum is secured by dense connective tissue called?
fibrous layer
canals that runs through core of each osteon?
central canal
what type of bone is longer than wide?
long bone
