A&P CH ONE & THREE Flashcards
Anatomy and list subdivisions
Study of structure, Gross/Macroscopic, Microscopic, Developmental
Physiology
Study of the function of the body
___ and ___ are inseperable, ___ always reflects ____
Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable, Function always reflects Structure
Put in order from smallest to largest
Organismal, Chemical, Orgam, Cellular, Organ System, Tissue
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal
T or F
Negative feedback is most mechanisms in the body
TRUE
____ Feedback enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
Positive
Positive feedback may ehibit a _____ effect
enhancing
What can occur if you have a disturbance in your homeostasis?
Increase risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, infection
T or F
Anatomical position is feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
TRUE
T or F
Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not those of the observer
TRUE
Superior (Cranial)
Toward head or upper part of body
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from head or toward lower part of body
Ventral (Anterior)
Toward or at front of body
Dorsal (Posterior)
Toward or back of body
Medial
Toward or at midline of body
Intermediate
Between a more medial and lateral structure
Lateral
Away from midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to origin of body or point of attachment
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part of point of attachment
Superficial (External)
Toward or at body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Two subdivisons of the body are
Axial- head, trunk, neck
Appendicular- limbs
A flat surface along which body may be cut for anatomical study?
Body planes
Three body planes are….
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
What are your internal two body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
Your dorsal cavity contains___ and ___
Cranial and Vertebral cavity
Viscera
covers internal organs
The ventral body cavity has two subdivisons, the ___ and ____ separated by your ____
Thoracic, Abdominalpelvic, diaphragm
Your thoracic has 4 cavities in it
- two pleural- each surrounding a lung
- Mediastinum- containing the pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
- Pericardia- encloses heart
Your abdominopelvic cavity has two parts…
Abdomen cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, repo organs and rectum
thing, double layered membrane
Serous membrane or serosa
a serosa that lines internal body cavity walls
Parietal serosa
Serosa that covers internal organs (viscera)
Visceral
The serosa is seperated by a cavity filled with _____ (this is secreted by both layers of membrane
Serous Fluid
____ Serosa of heart
Pericardium
____ serosa of lungs
Pleurae
What is the material between the nucleus and plasma membrane? What does it contain?
Cytoplasm and contains cytosol and organelles
What makes majority of molecules in the plasma membrane?
Phosopholipids
The plasma membrane is made of a _____. It keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules where they belong without the chance of the diffusing in to the cell
Phospholipid Bilayer
The head of the phospholipid bilayer is ____ (love water) and the tail on the inside is _____ (hates water).
Hydrophilic (loves water)
and
Hydrophobic (hates water)
What are the five functions of an integral protein
Enzymes, Receptors, Attachment, Cell Recognition, and Transport
What do the five functions of integral protein do
ENZYMES- catalyze reactions as substrates
RECEPTORS- bind with chemical messengers causing changes in cell inside
ATTACHMENT- junctions to other cells (gap, desmosome, tight) and anchoring the cytoskeleton within the cell
CELL RECOGNITION- for recognition by immune system cells
TRANSPORT- allowing molecules to move into/out of the cell
____ diffusion- when small, non-charged substances move between____ in the membrane.
Simple
and
Phospholipids
___ diffusion- substances move through a ____
Facilitated
and
membrane transporter
____ diffusion- ____ across a selectively permeable membrane; three types
Osmosis
and
water
define pumps-
substances transported through a protein from where they are not concentrated to where they are already concentrated
what are the two types of vesicle transport
Endocytosis- goes into the cell
Exocytosis- goes out of the cell
T or F
Sodium potassium pump is used because Na/K are slowly leaked through the channel causing changes in gradient
TRUE
List the three membrane functions
Tight Junction
Desmosomes
Gap junction
Tight junction-
impermeable, prevents molecules from passing through. Found in digestive tract. also the skin.
Desmosomes-
anchoring bind adjacent cells together and help from internal tension-reducing fibers. Found where mechanical stress is, skin or heart muscle
Gap junction-
communicating junction allow for ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to the next Found in electrically excitable tissues like hear and smooth muscle
Function of DNA
genes and protein synthesis
What is the S phase of the cell cycle
growth and DNA synthesis, DNA is replicated
Telomere
region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration of from fusion with neighboring chromosomes
DNA synthesis
semi-conservative process (old/new strands together)
Protein synthesis- DNA gives instructions for the sequences of the ____ amino acids
in proteins
Protein involves involves two processes…
Transcription and translation
List the functions and stages of interphase
G1- cell is metabolically active, growing
G0- cell state of cells that have been permanently stopped growing
s- DNA is replicated
G2- enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesized
TAGC
Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
