Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 111 > Ch 6,7,8,11 > Flashcards

Ch 6,7,8,11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the portions of the endomembrane system?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

A

More than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.

Continuous with the nuclear envelope.

Has 2 distinct regions:

  • Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
  • Rough ER, whose surface is studded with ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of Smooth ER:

A
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • Detoxifies drugs and poison
  • Stores calcium ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of Rough ER:

A
  • Has bound ribosomes, that secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbs)
  • Distribute transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes.
  • Membrane factory for the cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Golgi apparatus:

A

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of Golgi apparatus:

A
  • Modifies products of the ER.
  • Manufactures certain macromolecules.
  • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lysosome:

A
  • A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.
  • Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER then transferred to Golgi apparatus for further processing.
  • Use enzymes to recycle cell’s own organelles and macromolecules (autophagy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vacuoles:

A

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Food vacuoles:

A

Formed by phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contractile vacuoles:

A

Found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Animal Cells consist of:

A 
Nucleus, Nucleolus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus 
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton 
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Vacuoles/Vesicles
Plasma membrane
Lysosomes/ Centrosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plant Cells consist of:

A 
Nucleus/ Nucleolus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus 
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Vacuoles/ Vesicles
Plasma membrane
Central vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Cell wall
Chloroplast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flagellum:

A

Motility structure in some animal cells.

Cluster of microtubules within an extension of plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Centrosome:

A

Area where the cell’s microtubules are initiated.

Contains a pair of centrioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A
  • Reinforces cell’s shape.
  • Functions in cell movement.
  • Components are made of protein:
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microvilli:

A

Projections that increase the cell’s surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peroxisome:

A
  • Has various specialized metabolic functions.

* Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mitochondrion:

A

Where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleus:

A

Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell.

Consists of : nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nuclear envelope:

A

Double membrane enclosing nucleus.

Perforated by pores.

Continuous with ER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleolus:

A

Nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes.

A nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chromatin:

A

Consists of DNA and proteins.

Visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma membrane:

A

Membrane enclosing the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein.

Complexes that make proteins.

Free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Central vacuole:

A

Prominent in older plants, hold organic compounds and water.

Enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth.

Functions include:

  • Storage
  • Breakdown of waste products
  • Hydrolysis of macromolecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chloroplast:

A

Photosynthetic organelle

Converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Plasmodesmata:

A

Cytoplasmic channels thru cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cell wall:

A

Outer layer that maintains cell’s shape and protects cell from mechanical damage.

Made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein.

29
Q

Membrane potential:

A
  • The voltage across a membrane.
  • Ranges from -50 to -200 mV
  • Acts like a battery, an energy source that affects the traffic of all charged substances across the membrane.
  • Because the inside cell is negative, membrane potential favors the passive transport of cations into the cell and anions out of the cell.
30
Q

Co-transport:

A
  • Occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other solutes.
  • Diffuses H+ and sucrose down its concentration gradient into cell.
31
Q

Osmoregulation:

A

The control of solute concentrations and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in such environments.

32
Q

Tonicity:

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

33
Q

Hypertonic solution:

A

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; the cell loses water

34
Q

Isotonic solution:

A

Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane.

35
Q

Hypotonic solution:

A

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water.

36
Q

Entropy:

A

Scientists use this quantity to measure disorder, or randomness.

The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater it’s entropy.

37
Q

Energy coupling:

A

A key feature in the way cell’s manage their energy resources.

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells, and most of the time acts as immediate source of energy that powers cellular work.

38
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics:

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

39
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

40
Q

Ligands:

A

A term for a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule (often a larger one).

Causes a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape.

41
Q

Substrate:

A

The reaction an enzyme acts on.

The enzyme binds to its substrate(s) forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

When they are joined (active site), the catalytic action of enzyme converts substrate to the product(s) of the reaction.

42
Q

Fluid mosaic model:

A

The membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Continually being refined as new research reveals more about membrane structure.

43
Q

Plasmolysis:

A

When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves cell, causing it to wilt and can lead to plant death.

44
Q

Lysis:

A

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will enter the cell (and burst).

45
Q

Osmosis:

A

Diffusion of water from high concentration to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

46
Q

Endosymbiont:

A

A cell living within another cell.

Example: a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion.

47
Q

Structures inside mitochondrion:

A
  • Smooth outer membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Convoluted inner membrane (has respiratory enzymes)
  • Cristae (inner foldings-more surface area)
  • Mitochondrial matrix
  • Free floating ribosomes
48
Q

Structures of chloroplasts:

A
  • Two membranes separated by intermembrane space.
  • Thylakoids (flat interconnected sacs), when stacked they are called granum.

Stroma (fluid outside thylakoids), contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and many enzymes.

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix:

A
  • Glycoproteins and other carb-containing molecules secreted by the cells.
  • Most abundant glycoprotein is COLLAGEN (forms strong fibers outside the cells).
  • Also has fibronectin (bind to integrins) and integrins (built into plasma membrane)
50
Q

Kinetic energy:

A

Energy associated with motion.

51
Q

Potential energy:

A

Energy matter possess because of its location or structure.

52
Q

Thermal energy (heat):

A

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms of molecules. (Loss of heat)

53
Q

Chemical energy:

A

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

54
Q

Thermodynamics:

A

The study of energy transformations.

An isolated system (a thermos) is isolated from its surroundings.

An open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.

Organisms are open systems.

55
Q

Enzyme:

A

A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst.

An enzyme catalyzes a rxn by lowering the activation energy, allowing reactant molecules to absorb enough energy to reach the transition state.

They can only hasten rxns that would eventually occur anyway.

Very specific for the rxns they catalyze.

56
Q

Catalyst:

A

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/out being consumed by the reaction.

57
Q

Active site:

A

Typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs.

Substrate enters where active site occurs, forming weak bonds (H+ and ionic bonds) and changing the shape of the enzyme.

Enfolds substrate and holds it in place.

58
Q

Competitive inhibitors:

A

Reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site.

Can be overcome by increasing concentration of substrate, so that there are more substrates to take the place of new active sites.

59
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors:

A

Don’t directly compete with substrates to bind to enzyme’s active site.

They impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme, which changes the enzyme’s shape.

The enzymatic shape change makes the active site less effective at catalyzing the conversion of substrate to products.

60
Q

Feedback inhibition:

A

When a metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

61
Q

Fermentation:

A

A catabolic process, that is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.

62
Q

Alcohol fermentation examples:

A

Ethanol
CO2
Some yeast

63
Q

Lactic acid Fermentation examples:

A

Muscle cells

Some fungi

64
Q

Aerobic respiration:

A

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel and yields ATP.

65
Q

Oxidation:

A

The loss of electrons from one substance.

66
Q

Reduction:

A

The addition of electrons to another substance.

67
Q

Reducing agent:

A

The electron donor.

Reduces an atom, which accepts the donated electron.

68
Q

Oxidizing agent:

A

The electron acceptor.

It oxidizes an atom by removing its electron.

Biology 111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions