Ch 1-5 Flashcards
The 4 kingdoms:
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
Protists
Kingdom Plantae:
Plants, which produce their own food by photosynthesis.
Kingdom Fungi:
Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies.
Kingdom Animalia:
Ingest their organisms.
Protists:
- Mostly unicellular eukaryotes, and simple unicellular.
- Scientists debating how to classify.
- Recent trend is to split protists into several kingdoms.
4 main water properties:
1) Cohesive and adhesive behavior
2) Ability to moderate temperature
3) Expansion upon freezing
4) Versatility as a solvent
Hydroxyl group:
-OH
Carbonyl group:
\
C=O
/
Carboxyl group:
-COOH
|
-C=O
|
OH
Amino group:
-NH2
Sulfhydryl group:
-SH
Phosphate group:
-OPO3
O
||
-O-P-O-
|
O-
Methyl group:
-CH3
H | -C-H | H
96% of living matter is made of what 4 elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
The 3 domains of life:
Domain Bacteria (prokaryote) Domain Archaea (prokaryote) Domain Eukarya (eukaryote)
List all of the levels of biological organization from most inclusive to least inclusive:
Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ Systems Organ Tissue Cell Organelles Molecules Atoms
Biosphere:
The Earth and everything on it.
Ecosystem:
Living and nonliving interacting in an area.
Community:
All living and interacting in an area.
Population:
One species interacting in an area.
Organism:
One individual.
Organ Systems:
2 or more organs working toward a common function.
Organ:
Groups of tissue working towards a common function.
Tissue:
Groups of cells working toward a common function.
Cell:
The most basic unit of structure and function that is living.
Organelles:
Individual functioning units of a cell.
Molecules:
2 or more atoms.
Atoms:
The basic unit of matter.
-Subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Types of Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates (saccharides)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Monomer of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides “one sugar”
- Fructose
- Glucose
- Galactose
Dimer of carbohydrates:
Disaccharides “two sugars”
- maltose
- lactose
- sucrose
Polymers of carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Chitin
Function of starch:
Short term energy storage in plants.
Function of cellulose:
Plant structure
Function of glycogen:
Short term energy storage in animals (liver and muscles).
Function of Chitin:
Exoskeleton of arthropods (sutures).
Monomer of proteins:
Amino Acid (peptides)
Dimer of proteins:
Dipeptides
-peptide bonds
Polymers of proteins:
1st (primary)
-peptide bonds
2nd (secondary)
-coiled and pleated- H+ bonds
3rd (tertiary)
-disulfide bridges
4th (quaternary)
Functions of proteins:
Structure Hormones Immunities Transport Receptors Enzymes Contractile/motor Storage
Monomers of Nucleic Acids:
DNA:
- Adenine
- Thyamine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
RNA:
All except Thyamine, instead there is Uracil
Polymers of Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ATP
Function of DNA:
Instructions
Function of RNA:
“Carrier” of instructions.
Function of ATP:
Energy storage molecule.
Types of Lipids:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Triglycerides:
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Function: long term energy storage, insulation, and cushion.
Phospholipids:
Function: cell membrane
O
Steroids:
Cholesterol
-Fxn: base molecule, and in cell membrane
Testosterone-fxn:hormones
Estrogen-fxn: hormones
Waxes:
Function: protectors
Ex: ear wax, beeswax
