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Psyc 110 Midterm 2 Study Guid > Ch 6 &7 > Flashcards

Ch 6 &7 Flashcards

1
Q

photoreceptor

A

biological sensors of light including rod & cone photoreceptors

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2
Q

sensory transduction

A

process by which an external stimulus is converted into a change in electrical activity of sensory neurons or other sensory cells

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3
Q

rod photoreceptors

A

unusual neurons that fire no APs, w unusually short axon & possess, instead of dendrites, rod shaped outer segment, located in periphery of retina, sensitive to dim light

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4
Q

cone photoreceptors

A

2nd type of photoreceptor w cone shaped outer segment, mainly in fovea (center of retina), less sensitive to light

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5
Q

blind spot

A

location of visual field where you can’t detect visual stimuli (while looking through one eye) bc corresponding location on retina (optic nerve head) lacks photoreceptors

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6
Q

macula

A

lateral to the blindspot, a roughly circular, more darkly pigmented region of retina devoid of underlying blood vessels, contains fovea

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7
Q

fovea

A

small region of retina that (in humans) contains very high density of cones & very few rods

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8
Q

rhodopsin

A

photosensitive pigment in rods

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9
Q

optic nerve head

A

location where axons of retinal ganglion cells cross thru retina to exit eye & enter optic nerve, creates blind spot

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10
Q

retina

A

multilayered neural structure at back of eye contains photoreceptors, retinal interneurons, & neurons that project thru optic nerve to brain

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11
Q

olfactory bulb

A

most rostral part of telencephalon in most vertebrates, located on inferior surface of frontal lobe in humans; receives inputs from olfactory epithelium & projects olfactory cortex

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

layer of cells in roof of nasal cavity that houses olfactory sensory neurons

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13
Q

olfactory sensory neuron

A

neurons in olfactory epithelium that express olfactory receptor molecules & project olfactory bulb

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14
Q

tympanic membrane

A

thin membrane separating ear canal from middle ear, known as eardrum, vibrates in response to airborne sounds

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15
Q

malleus

A

one of middle ear bones attached to tympanic membrane

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16
Q

incus

A

one of middle ear bones; connects malleus to stapes

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17
Q

stapes

A

one of middle ear bones; attaches to oval window

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18
Q

oval window

A

thin membrane covering entrance of cochlea

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19
Q

round window

A

thin membrane covering basal end of scala tympana; always vibrates together with oval window but in opposite direction

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20
Q

cochlea

A

spiraling, tubular part of inner ear responsible for sensing sounds

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21
Q

scala vestibuli

A

half of cochlear tube that extends from oval window to top (apex) of cochlea

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22
Q

scala media

A

fluid filled compartment in cochlea , between scala vestibuli & scala tympani

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23
Q

scala tympani

A

half of cochlear tube that extends from top (apex) of cochlea to round window

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24
Q

tectorial membrane

A

relatively thick membrane that lies on top of hair cells of basilar membrane

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25
Q

stereocilia

A

“hairs” of hair cells, actually microvilli, rather than cilia

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26
Q

hair cell

A

sensory cells that sit on top of the basilar membrane of the cochlea & extend stereocilia into the scala media or, in the case of the outer hair cells, the tectorial membrane; thy are also found in the vestibule and semicircular canals

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27
Q

inner hair cell

A

the hair cells closest to the center of the spiraling cochlea; they sense vibrations of the basilar membrane

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28
Q

outer hair cell

A

three rows of hair cells furthest away from the center of the spiraling cochlea; main function is to amplify vibrations of basilar membrane & thus increase acoustic sensitivity

29
Q

basilar membrane

A

a thin membrane inside the cochlea on top of which inner & outer hair cells sit

30
Q

tip link

A

thin filament that connects tip of one stereocilium to the adjacent, taller stereocilium; it is linked to an ion channel that opens when stereocilia are bent toward the tallest stereocilium

31
Q

the blind spot

A

region of the retina where axons leave the retina & enter the optic nerve

32
Q

Photoreceptors respond differently to a stimulation than typical neurons. which of the following is the difference

A

in response to a stimulus, photoreceptors hyperpolarize

33
Q

hair cell depolarization in inner ear is normally the result of

A

deflection by fluid movement in the cochlea

34
Q

olfaction, sense of smell, used by an organism for which of the following purposes

A

a) detection of predators

b) identification of food sources

c) mate identification

answer: all of the above

35
Q

what is the primary function of the round window of the cochlea

A

to allow for displacement of oval window by relieving pressure in the cochlea

36
Q

consider the auditory system. place following structures in order based on sequence that they are involved in auditory transduction

A

1 pinna
2 tympanic membrane
3 malleus
4 stapes
5 oval window
6 cochlea

37
Q

process of converting external signal to neural signal is called _________.

A

transduction

38
Q

the loss of part or all of your sense of smell is known as _________.

A

anosmia

39
Q

what is absorption of light

A

transfer of light energy to a particle or surface

40
Q

which cells in retina have axons that leave retina

A

ganglion cells

41
Q

most of eyes refractive power is accomplished by _______.

A

cornea

42
Q

what is the difference between on-center ganglion cells & off-center ganglion cells?

A

on receive input from on bipolar cells while off receive input from off bipolar cells

43
Q

Most of eyes refractive power accomplished by what structure?

A

Cornea

44
Q
A
45
Q

How do we see color?

A

color of light determined by wavelength (red- longer wavelength, blue- shorter wavelength); white when all wavelengths reflected, black when all wavelengths absorbed.

46
Q

how many rods vs cones in humans?

A

about 120 million rods vs. 6 million cones

47
Q

Types of Cones

A

1) S-cones
2) M-cones
3) L-cones

48
Q

S-cones respond

A

maximally to 425 nm light (dark blue); most sensitive to short wavelengths.

49
Q

M-cones respond

A

maximalllyto green light (about 530 nm); respond best to medium wavelengths.

50
Q

L-cones respond

A

best to yellow light (about 560 nm wavelength); respond best to longest wavelengths in visible spectrum.

51
Q

Rods are

A

maximally sensitive to blue & green wavelengths but are NOT used in color vision

52
Q

Which cells in eye are synaptically connected to photoreceptors?

A

bipolar cells (cones & rods decrease rate of glutamate release on exposure of light & synapse on bipolar cells with metabotropic glutamate receptors that elicit hyperpolarization.

53
Q

Off-bipolar cell

A

cones make additional synapses to inotropic bipolar cell (OFF-bipolar) bc releases glutamate when exposed to light & more when light turns off

54
Q

ON-bipolar cells

A

both rods & cones synapse to these cells (rods exclusively synapse to this type of cell ONLY); have metabotropic glutamate receptors

55
Q

cone bipolar cells release glutamate directly to

A

retinal ganglion cells that have long axons that project thru optic nerve to multiple targets in brain, including superior colliculi (optic tectum) & Lateral geniculate nucleus

56
Q

amacrine cell

A

rod bipolar cells synapse onto amacrine cells that synapse onto cone bipolar cells

57
Q

information from rod bipolar cells must pass thru

A

amacrine & cone bipolar cells to get out of retina

58
Q

glomeruli

A

one of many spherical structures in olfactory bulb where axons of olfactory sensory neurons synapse onto the dendrites of mitral cells

59
Q

odorant receptors

A

olfactory receptor molecules (G protein-coupled receptors resembling opsin) in cilia which odorants bind to, which then trigger changes in membrane potential of olfactory receptor neurons

60
Q

odorant binding proteins

A

transport odorants through mucus to olfactory cilia (other odorants dissolve in mucus & reach cilia by diffusion)

61
Q

In what sense might it be better to think of photoreceptors as darkness sensors rather than light sensors?

A

one can say vertebrate photoreceptors sense darkness bc they are depolarized in the dark (“dark current”) & become less depolarized when stimulated by photons

62
Q

What is “color blindness”, how is it corrected?

A

a deficiency in way you see color, you have difficulty distinguishing certain colors (blue, yellow, red, & green (r & g most common type followed by b & y); there is no treatment; most common type is inherited (defects in genes containing instructions for making photopigments in cones.

63
Q

more light means more neurotransmitters released in

A

rod bipolar cells

64
Q

most colorblind individuals have effective or missing

A

L & M cones

65
Q

spatial receptive field

A

region of space where visual stimuli must be presented if they are to modify neuron’s activity

66
Q

rod system vs. cone system

A

you can think of the
rod system as being specialized for vision in low light, sacrificing spatial detail and
color; whereas the cone system is specialized for high-resolution color vision but goes
offline when it gets dark.

67
Q

light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells express melanopsin a

A

photosensitive pigment that is related to the opsins expressed in rods and
cones but responds to light much more slowly

68
Q

each
olfactory receptor type binds to a specific molecular feature or

A

epitope

69
Q
A

Psyc 110 Midterm 2 Study Guid (2 decks)

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