ch 6,7,12 Flashcards
intracellular fluid
fluid inside the cells
extracellular fluid
fluid outside of the cells
interstitial fluid
water that surrounds the bodys cells and includes lymph
intravascular fluid
bloods plasma; exits within arteries veins and capillaries
transcellular fluid
those in specific compartments of the body, such as cerebrospinal fluid, digestive juices, and synovial fluid in joints
the primary control of water in the body is
through pressure sensors in the vascular system that stimulate or inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH
substances that causes the kidneys to excrete more fluid
most common example of active transport
sodium-potassium pumps
in passive transport
no energy is expended specifically to move the substances, general body movements aid passive transport
diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Filtration
movement of both water and smaller molecules through a semi permeable membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
Osmosis
movement of water from an area of lower substance concentration across a semipermeable membrane to an area of higher concentration
Isotonic
same osmolarity as blood
hypertonic
higher osmolarity as blood
hypotonic
lower osmolarity as blood
sensible losses
losses which someone is aware of, like urination
insensible losses
may occur without the person recognizing the loss
most common form of dehydration
hypovolemia; loss of fluid in body resulting in decreased blood volume
what is the process of third spacing
when fluid from intravascular space moves into interstitial spaces
dehydration signs and symtoms
thirst, weak rapid pulse, low BP, dry skin and mucous membranes, skin tenting, decreased urine output, increased temp
fluid excess signs and symptoms
bounding pulse, elevated BP, respiratory changes, edema, increased urine output, weight gain, heart failure
electrolytes; cations
positive (+)
electrolytes; Anions
Negative(-)
hypo and hyper natremia
hypo- sodium deficit
hyper- sodium excess
hyponatremia signs and symptoms
sodium less than 135, mental statues change, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting
hypernatremia signs and symptoms
sodium greater than 145, thirst, mental status change, seizures, muscle weakness, respiratory compromise
hypo and hyper kalemia
hypo- potassium deficit
hyper- potassium excess
hypokalemia signs and symptoms
potassium lower than 3.5, muscle weakness, shallow respirations, mental status change, cardiac arrythmia and arrest
hyperkalemia signs and symptoms
potassium greater than 5, muscle twitching and cramps, diarrhea, low BP, cardiac arrythmia and arrest
hyper and hypo calcemia
hyper- calcium excess
hypo- calcium deficit
hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
calcium less than 9, mental status change, hyperactive deep tendon flexes,
hypercalcemia signs and symptoms
cacium greater then 11, Increased HR and BP, skeletal muscle and weakness, decreased GI motility
hypomagnesemia
magnesium less than 1.5, positive trousseu signs, positive chvostek sign, cardiac arrythmia and arrest
hypermasnesemia
magnesium greater than 2.5, hypotension, lethargy, skeletal muscle weakness, respiratory failure
acid
substance that releases a hydrogen ion
Base (alkali)
substance that binds hydrogen
normal ph
7.35-7.45
what is the first attempt to return ph to its normal range
cellular buffers
second attempt to restore ph
lungs
slowest response to change in attempting to restore ph
kidneys
acidosis
serum ph levels fall below 7.35
alkalosis
serum ph level increases above 7.45
where are most body fluids found
intracellular space
which electrolyte is most critical to healthy cardiac rhythm
potassium
indications for IV therapy
hydration, electrolyte replacement, med administration, blood product transfusion
types of IV administration modes
continuous, intermittent (piggyback), direct/IV push, patient controlled analgesia
peripheral veins lie
beneath the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
central veins
deeper and located closer to the heart
central venous access devices
non tunneled central catheter, tunneled catheter, PICC, implanted vascular port
local complications with IV
hematoma, thrombosis,infiltration, infection, spasm, nerve injury
systemic complications with IV
septicemia, circulatory overload, venous air embolism, speed shock
what is parenteral nutrition for
for patients who cannot eat or tolerate tube feedings, promotes wound healing, treats cancer cachexia
hypodermoclysis
process of administering isotonic solutions and limit medicatoins subq
emergency surgery level
immediate surgery needed to save life or limb without delay
urgent surgery level
surgery needed within 24-30 hours
elective surgery level
planned/schedule with no time requirement
optional surgery level
surgery requested by patient (cosmetic)
preoperative surgery phase
begins with decision for surgery and ends with transfer to operating room
intraoperative surgery phase
begins with transfer to operating room and ends with admission to perianesthesia care unit (PACU)
postoperative surgery phase
begins with admission to PACU and continues until recovery is complete
atelectasis
collapse of alveoli in or more areas of the lung, from hypoventilation or mucous obstruction
malignant hyperthermia
potentially fatal hereditary muscular disease. disease that causes a fast rise in body temp and severe muscle contractions
minimally invasive surgery is called
keyhole surgery
general anesthesia
causes patient to lose consciousness sensation and reflexes
local anesthesia
blocks nerve impulses along the nerve where it is injected, resulting in loss of sensation in part of the body
