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BIO 2 Exam 4 > CH 51 The Immune System in Animals > Flashcards

CH 51 The Immune System in Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi etc are called ________

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

______ is resistance to or protection against a disease-causing pathogen.

A

Immunity

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3
Q

The ______ _____ is responsibe for defending animals against pathogens.

A

Immune System

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4
Q

The most important deterrent to infection is the _______ ______

A

Exterior Surface

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5
Q

______ is a slimy mix of glycoproteins and water that traps pathogens and sloughs off.

A

Mucus

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6
Q

The oil secreted by skin cells is converted to fatty acids by bacteria and thus ______ the pH of te surface.

A

Lowers

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7
Q

Gaps in the body that are not covered with ______ layers, are often protected by other types of secretions.

A

mucous

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8
Q

Ears are protected by ___ secretions, eyes by tears containing the enzyme ________.

A

Wax/Lysozyme

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9
Q

Lysozyme acts as an _____ by digesting bacterial cell walls.

A

Antibiiotic

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10
Q

_______ involved in innate immunity provide an immediate, generic response that is directed against the general type of pathogen encountered.

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

An _____ is any foreign molecule that can initiate an immune system response.

A

Antigen

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12
Q

Toll-like receptors are a subset of a larger group of proteins called _____-____ ____ which serve as sentinels to signal the presence of molecules associated with pathogens.

A

Pattern-recognition receptors

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13
Q

__ Toll-like receptorshave been identified in humans, each one responds to different kinds of antigens.

A

11

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14
Q

TLR2 binds to zymosan, -_____
TLR4 binds to lipopolysaccharide -______-_____ _____
TLR5 binds to flagellin -____ _____
TLR7 binds to single-stranded DNA -______

A

Fungi
Gram-negative Bacteria
Motile Bacteria
Viruses

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15
Q

When pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of a _______ receive the signal that an invader is present, they trigger a signal cascade within the cell that will have different consequences depending on which TLRs were activated.

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

_______ are a class of diverse molecules that signal other parts of the immune system in various ways, such as attracting other immune cells to the site of infection or stimulating other immune cells into action.

A

Cytokines

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17
Q

_______ stimulate neighboring cells to improve their resistance to the imminent viral infection

A

Interferons

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18
Q

Once the general signal of an invasion is received by ____, the first response is sent out and a cascade of further actions occurs that result in a fully engaged immune response.

A

TLRs

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19
Q

The Inflammatory Response:

1) ______ enter wound
2) ____ from blood release clotting proteins at wound site
3) Injured tissues and ______ at the site release ______ which recruit immune system cells to site
4) ____ ____ at site secrete factors such as _____ that constrict damaged blood vessels at wound and dilate surrounding vessels.
5) ____ are recruited to remove pathogens via phagocytosis
6) Other recruited _____ mature into macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and secrete key signaling molecules.

A 
Pathogens
Platelets
Macrophages/Chemokines
Mast Cells/Histamines
Neutrophils
Leukocytes
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20
Q

_______ are signaling molecules that recruit other cells to the site of infection, and are a type of cytokine.

A

Chemokines

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21
Q

______ constrict blood vessels at the site of the wound and are released by mast cells.

A

Histamines

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22
Q

_____ destroy invading cells by phagocytosis.

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

_____ are secreted proteins that bind to a specific part of a specific antigen

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

Attributes of Adaptive Immune System:

1) _______ antibodies and other components bind only to specific sites on specific antigens
2) _______ recognizes an almost limitless array of antigens
3) ________ can be reactivated quickly if it recognizes antigens from previous infection
4) _____-____ ______ Molecules that are produced by individuals do not act as antigens so the system can distinguish between self and nonself.

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self-Nonself Recognition

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25
Q

Leukocytes that carry out the major features of the adaptive immune response are called ______

A

Lymphocytes

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26
Q

_ ____-produce antibodies and mature in bone marrow

_ ___-killing host cells infected by virus and mature in thymus

A

B cells

T cells

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27
Q

All lymphocytes are produced in ___ ____.

A

Bone Marrow

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28
Q

_ cells mature in the bone marrow.

_ cells mature in the thymus.

A

B

T

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29
Q

Lymphocytes are activated in the _____ and ____ ____

A

Spleen/Lymphnodes

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30
Q

The _____ is an organ located near the stomach and is involved in destroying old blood cells.
____ ___ are small oval organs located around the body and filter lymph passing through them.

A

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

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31
Q

The immune system cells found in the gut and respiratory organs are called _____-____ ____ ____

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.

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32
Q

Leukocytes in the skin and MALT are important because they guard ______ of _____ against _____

A

Points of Entry against Pathogens.

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33
Q

Both B-cell receptors and antibodies produced by B cells belong to a family of proteins called ____________.

A

Immunoglobulins

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34
Q

________________ are crucial to the adaptive immune response.

A

Immunoglobulins

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35
Q

There are 5 classes of immunoglobulin proteins that act as antibodies and each are distinguished by unique amino acid sequences in the _____-_____ region.

A

Heavy-chain

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36
Q

___ is a monomer-most abundant type of secreted antibody, circulates in blood and inerstitial fluid and protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins

A

IgG

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37
Q

___ is a monomer- present on membranes of immature B cells; rarely secreted and serves as a BCR

A

IgD

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38
Q

___ is a monomer- secreted in minute amounts. Involved in response o parasitic worms and responsible to reaction that produces allergies.

A

IgE

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39
Q

_____ is a dimer- most common antibody in breast milk, tears, saliva, and mucus lining the respiratory and digestive tracts. Prevents bacteria and viruses from attaching to mucous membranes.

A

IgA

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40
Q

___ is a pentamer- first type of secreted antibody to appear during an infection. Binds to many antigens at once; effective at clumping viruses and bacteria so they can be killed.

A

IgM

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41
Q

T cells require other cells to:

1) ______ the antigen
2) _____ antigens to the _____

A

Process

Present/TCRs

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42
Q

For TCR to recognize an antigen, the foreign molecule must undergo _____ ____

A

Antigen Presentation

43
Q

_ cells bind to antigens directly; _ cells bind only to antigens that are displayed by other cells.

A

B/T

44
Q

Antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs bind to elected region of the antigen called an ______

A

Epitope

45
Q

The presence of unique amino acid sequences in the _ regions of every antibody, BCR, and TCR explains why each of these proteins binds to a unique epitope.

A

V

46
Q

The heavy-chain gene includes _ segments along with a set of _ and _ segments.
The light-chain gene has dozens of different _ segments, several _ segments and a single _ segment.

A

D/J/V

V/J/C

47
Q

As a lymphocyte matures, the various gene regions are mixed and matched to produce ____ ______

A

Unique Receptors

48
Q

_____ ________ is the molecular mechanism responsible for the specificity and diversity of the adaptive immune system.

A

Gene Recombination

49
Q

If B cells and T cells maturing in the bone marrow and thymus have ___-____ _____, the cells are likely to be destroyed or permanently inactivated before they leave these organs.

A

anti-self receptors

50
Q

______ _ _____ suppress certain parts of the immune system to limit the intensity of normal responses. They can inhibit any self-reactive cells that slip through the self-education system.

A

Regulatory T Cells

51
Q

If an inactive _______ does not encounter the epitope that it is programmed to respond to, the cell eventually dies.

A

Lymphocyte

52
Q

The Clonal Selection Theory explains how only the most _____ lymphocytes are activated during an infection and thus are the ones most likely to be cloned.

A

Useful

53
Q

Process of Clonal Selection THeory:

1) ______ recognized by receptors on lymphocytes
2) ________ are activated when receptor binds to epitope of antigen
3) _____ _____ are cloned
4) ______ ______ endure.

A

Antigen
Lymphocytes
Activated Lymphocytes
Activated Lymphocytes

54
Q

The _______ of the relevant B cells and T cells is carefully controlled in a stepwise process.

A

Activation

55
Q

_____ ____ phagocytize antigens and debris and act in the process of antigen presentation.

A

Dendritic Cells

56
Q

______ _____ is a key event tat links the innate and adaptive arms of the immune systm; without this transfer of information, the adaptive immune response would not be actbated to respond to the infection.

A

Antigen Presentation

57
Q

THe surface proteins responsible for presenting epitopes to T cells are called ___ _________ ______

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (Proteins)

58
Q

_____ ____ present peptides in both classes of MHC proteins.

A

Dendritic Cells

59
Q

MHC1 prtoeins bind antigens inside the _______ ______

MHC2 proteins bind antigens inside _______

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endosomes

60
Q

MHC1 proteins are derived fom the cell’s ______

MHC2 proteins are obtained from the _____ ______

A

Cytosol

External Environment

61
Q

MHC Antien Presentation:

1) ______ ____ ingest antigen
2) _____ break antigen into peptide fragments
3) Peptides are loaded onto ____
4) ___-_____ ____ is transported to cell surface
5) ____ presents peptide on surface of cell membrane.

A 
Dendritic Cell
Enzymes
MHC
MHC-peptide complex
MHC
62
Q

T-Cell Activation:

1) _-__ ____ binds to peptide presented on MHC protein on surface of dendritic cell.
2) ______ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells multiply and differentiate.

A

T-cell receptors

Activated

63
Q

____ T cells interact with class2 MHC-bound epitopes on dendritic cells.
_____ T cells interact with class1 MHC-bound epitiops.

A

CD4+

CD8+

64
Q

In most cases, full activation of ____ T cells also requires interactions with cytokines produced by activated _____ T cells.

A

CD8+/CD4+

65
Q

An activated T cell divide to produce a series of genetically identical cells in an event called ___ ___

A

Clonal Expansion

66
Q

WHen activated CD8+ T cells undergo clonal expansion, the daughter cells develop into _____ _ ____

A

Cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

THe daughter cells of activated CD4+ cells differentiate into ___ _ ___

A

Helper T cells

68
Q

2 Types of Helper T Cells:

1) TH1 cells activate _____ _ ___
2) TH2 cells activate _ ____

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

B Cells

69
Q

DUring activation the ____ __ will often direct which type of helper T cell the CD4+ cell becomes.
This process usually depends on which type of ___s were activated in the dendritic cell.

A

Dendritic Cells

TLR

70
Q

Upon activation B cells produce massive amounts of ___ _ and a large number of _______.

A

Rough ER/Mitochondria

71
Q

The increasd ___ __ in activated B cells is required for the manufacturing and secreting antibodies.

A

Rough ER

72
Q

B cell Activation:

1) _-___ recognizes invader and binds to an epitope on the antigen. The antigen is internalized, processed, and presented on the surface via class 2 MHC.
2) B cells stimulate active _-___.
3) B cell is actiated by ____ _-___ via cytokines.
4) B-cell replicates and some differentiate into ____ ____ which produce large quantities of antibodies.

A

B-Cell
T-Cell
Helper T-Cell
Plasma Cells

73
Q

_____ ___ are B-cells that produce massive amounts of antibodies.

A

Plasma Cells

74
Q

The process of _____ ______ fine-tunes the imune response such that B-cell receptors are mutated o bind to antigens more tightly.

A

Somatic Hypermutation

75
Q

The Cell-mediated response is promoted by ____ cells and involves _____ _ ____ and primarily takes place via cell-cell contact.

A

TH1/Cytotoxic T Cells

76
Q

The Humoral Response is promoted by ____ cells and involves the production of ____ and other proteins secreted into the blood and lymph.

A

TH2/Antibodies

77
Q

________ is when antibodies begin coating pathogens which are then readily destroyed by phagocytes.

A

Opsonization

78
Q

_________ is when pathogens are coated with antibodies to the point that they can’t interact with host cells.

A

Neutralized

79
Q

_________ is when antigens are clumped together via cross-linked antibody attatchment.

A

Agglutination

80
Q

__-____ of _____ ____ is when antibodies are bound to pathogens and stimulate complement proteins to punch holes in pathogens.

A

Co-Stimulation of Complement System

81
Q

All nucleated cells in the body express class _ MHC proteins on their cell surface.

A

1

82
Q

Cytotoxic T cells pass molecules directly into the cytoplasm of infected cells causing the cell to self-destruct via ____

A

APoptosis

83
Q

_____ ____, the result of apoptosis, are ingested by phagocytes.

A

Apoptotic Bodies

84
Q

Cell-Mediated Response:

1) _______ by Cytotoxic T Cell
2) _______ _______ from T cell into infected cell
3) ______- T cell leaves and infected cell lyses.

A

Recognition
Direct Secretion
Apoptosis

85
Q

B and T cells produce _____ ___ which do not participate in the primary immune response.

A

Memory Cells

86
Q

Memory cells remain in the ____ and ____ ___ for years or decades, ready to provide a rapid response should an infection with the same antigen recur.

A

Spleen/Lymph Nodes

87
Q

The _____ ___ ___ is the immune response that occurs when memory cells recognize certain epitopes.

A

Secondary Immune Response

88
Q

The secondary immune response is faster because the memory T and B cells increase the likelyhood that lymphocytes with the correct ____-____ ___ will find the antigen and activate.

A

Antigen-Specific Receptors

89
Q

The secondary immune response is more efficient because the memory B cells pass through another round of _____ _______

A

Somatic Hypermutation

90
Q

______ is the conferring of immunity to a particular disease.

A

Immunity

91
Q

_______ is the introduction of antigens from a weakened or altered pathogen, to prime the body’s immune system so it fights later infections efficiently.

A

Vaccination

92
Q

Types of Vaccines:

1) _____ vaccines consist of isolated viral proteins
2) _______ _____ vaccines have viruses damaged by chemical treatments that don’t cause infections but are antigenic.
3) _______ ____ vaccines are vaccines with complete virus particles that are made harmless by culturing them on cells from species other than normal host.

A

Subunit
Inactivated Viruses
Attenuated Viruses

93
Q

An _____ is an abnormal response to an antigen caused by an allergen.

A

Allergy

94
Q

The cause of an allergic reaction is malfunctioning ___ antibodies.

A

IgE

95
Q

The presence of IgE antibodies in an allergic response triggers the ____-___ ____

A

Hyper-sensitive Response

96
Q

A person becomes _____ when the constant regions of the IgE heavy chains bind to mast cells.

A

Sensitized

97
Q

_______ is an immune response directed against molecules that normally exist int he host.

A

Autoimmunity

98
Q

MS results from cytotoxic T cells attacking ____ ____ of nerve fibers.

A

Myelin Sheath

99
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis develops when self-reactive ______ alter the lining of the joints.

A

Antibodies

100
Q

Type 1 Diabetes occurs when cytotoxic T cells attack and kill ____-_____ cells in the pancreas

A

Insulin-Secreting

101
Q

______ _____ claims that autoimmune and allergic responses arise in individuals who, because of hygienic practices, have experienced less exposure to pathogens and parasites.

A

Hygiene Hypothesis

102
Q

Allergies are absent in areas where ______ ____ are common.

A

Intestinal Worms

103
Q

HIV infects and kills ____ T cells and _________.

A

CD4+/Macrophages

BIO 2 Exam 4 (2 decks)

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