CH 51 The Immune System in Animals

Question 1

Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi etc are called ________

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

______ is resistance to or protection against a disease-causing pathogen.

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

The ______ _____ is responsibe for defending animals against pathogens.

Answer 3

Immune System

Question 4

The most important deterrent to infection is the _______ ______

Answer 4

Exterior Surface

Question 5

______ is a slimy mix of glycoproteins and water that traps pathogens and sloughs off.

Answer 5

Mucus

Question 6

The oil secreted by skin cells is converted to fatty acids by bacteria and thus ______ the pH of te surface.

Answer 6

Lowers

Question 7

Gaps in the body that are not covered with ______ layers, are often protected by other types of secretions.

Answer 7

mucous

Question 8

Ears are protected by ___ secretions, eyes by tears containing the enzyme ________.

Answer 8

Wax/Lysozyme

Question 9

Lysozyme acts as an _____ by digesting bacterial cell walls.

Answer 9

Antibiiotic

Question 10

_______ involved in innate immunity provide an immediate, generic response that is directed against the general type of pathogen encountered.

Answer 10

Leukocytes

Question 11

An _____ is any foreign molecule that can initiate an immune system response.

Answer 11

Antigen

Question 12

Toll-like receptors are a subset of a larger group of proteins called _____-____ ____ which serve as sentinels to signal the presence of molecules associated with pathogens.

Answer 12

Pattern-recognition receptors

Question 13

__ Toll-like receptorshave been identified in humans, each one responds to different kinds of antigens.

Answer 13

11

Question 14

TLR2 binds to zymosan, -_____
TLR4 binds to lipopolysaccharide -______-_____ _____
TLR5 binds to flagellin -____ _____
TLR7 binds to single-stranded DNA -______

Answer 14

Fungi
Gram-negative Bacteria
Motile Bacteria
Viruses

Question 15

When pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of a _______ receive the signal that an invader is present, they trigger a signal cascade within the cell that will have different consequences depending on which TLRs were activated.

Answer 15

Leukocytes

Question 16

_______ are a class of diverse molecules that signal other parts of the immune system in various ways, such as attracting other immune cells to the site of infection or stimulating other immune cells into action.

Answer 16

Cytokines

Question 17

_______ stimulate neighboring cells to improve their resistance to the imminent viral infection

Answer 17

Interferons

Question 18

Once the general signal of an invasion is received by ____, the first response is sent out and a cascade of further actions occurs that result in a fully engaged immune response.

Answer 18

TLRs

Question 19

The Inflammatory Response:

1) ______ enter wound
2) ____ from blood release clotting proteins at wound site
3) Injured tissues and ______ at the site release ______ which recruit immune system cells to site
4) ____ ____ at site secrete factors such as _____ that constrict damaged blood vessels at wound and dilate surrounding vessels.
5) ____ are recruited to remove pathogens via phagocytosis
6) Other recruited _____ mature into macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and secrete key signaling molecules.

Answer 19

Pathogens
Platelets
Macrophages/Chemokines
Mast Cells/Histamines
Neutrophils
Leukocytes

Question 20

_______ are signaling molecules that recruit other cells to the site of infection, and are a type of cytokine.

Answer 20

Chemokines

Question 21

______ constrict blood vessels at the site of the wound and are released by mast cells.

Answer 21

Histamines

Question 22

_____ destroy invading cells by phagocytosis.

Answer 22

Neutrophils

Question 23

_____ are secreted proteins that bind to a specific part of a specific antigen

Answer 23

Antibodies

Question 24

Attributes of Adaptive Immune System:

1) _______ antibodies and other components bind only to specific sites on specific antigens
2) _______ recognizes an almost limitless array of antigens
3) ________ can be reactivated quickly if it recognizes antigens from previous infection
4) _____-____ ______ Molecules that are produced by individuals do not act as antigens so the system can distinguish between self and nonself.

Answer 24

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self-Nonself Recognition

Question 25

Leukocytes that carry out the major features of the adaptive immune response are called ______

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

_ ____-produce antibodies and mature in bone marrow | _ ___-killing host cells infected by virus and mature in thymus

Answer 26

B cells | T cells

Question 27

All lymphocytes are produced in ___ ____.

Answer 27

Bone Marrow

Question 28

_ cells mature in the bone marrow. | _ cells mature in the thymus.

Answer 28

B | T

Question 29

Lymphocytes are activated in the _____ and ____ ____

Answer 29

Spleen/Lymphnodes

Question 30

The _____ is an organ located near the stomach and is involved in destroying old blood cells. ____ ___ are small oval organs located around the body and filter lymph passing through them.

Answer 30

Spleen | Lymph Nodes

Question 31

The immune system cells found in the gut and respiratory organs are called _____-____ ____ ____

Answer 31

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.

Question 32

Leukocytes in the skin and MALT are important because they guard ______ of _____ against _____

Answer 32

Points of Entry against Pathogens.

Question 33

Both B-cell receptors and antibodies produced by B cells belong to a family of proteins called ____________.

Answer 33

Immunoglobulins

Question 34

________________ are crucial to the adaptive immune response.

Answer 34

Immunoglobulins

Question 35

There are 5 classes of immunoglobulin proteins that act as antibodies and each are distinguished by unique amino acid sequences in the _____-_____ region.

Answer 35

Heavy-chain

Question 36

___ is a monomer-most abundant type of secreted antibody, circulates in blood and inerstitial fluid and protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins

Answer 36

IgG

Question 37

___ is a monomer- present on membranes of immature B cells; rarely secreted and serves as a BCR

Answer 37

IgD

Question 38

___ is a monomer- secreted in minute amounts. Involved in response o parasitic worms and responsible to reaction that produces allergies.

Answer 38

IgE

Question 39

_____ is a dimer- most common antibody in breast milk, tears, saliva, and mucus lining the respiratory and digestive tracts. Prevents bacteria and viruses from attaching to mucous membranes.

Answer 39

IgA

Question 40

___ is a pentamer- first type of secreted antibody to appear during an infection. Binds to many antigens at once; effective at clumping viruses and bacteria so they can be killed.

Answer 40

IgM

Question 41

T cells require other cells to: 1) ______ the antigen 2) _____ antigens to the _____

Answer 41

Process | Present/TCRs

Question 42

For TCR to recognize an antigen, the foreign molecule must undergo _____ ____

Answer 42

Antigen Presentation

Question 43

_ cells bind to antigens directly; _ cells bind only to antigens that are displayed by other cells.

Answer 43

B/T

Question 44

Antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs bind to elected region of the antigen called an ______

Answer 44

Epitope

Question 45

The presence of unique amino acid sequences in the _ regions of every antibody, BCR, and TCR explains why each of these proteins binds to a unique epitope.

Answer 45

V

Question 46

The heavy-chain gene includes _ segments along with a set of _ and _ segments. The light-chain gene has dozens of different _ segments, several _ segments and a single _ segment.

Answer 46

D/J/V | V/J/C

Question 47

As a lymphocyte matures, the various gene regions are mixed and matched to produce ____ ______

Answer 47

Unique Receptors

Question 48

_____ ________ is the molecular mechanism responsible for the specificity and diversity of the adaptive immune system.

Answer 48

Gene Recombination

Question 49

If B cells and T cells maturing in the bone marrow and thymus have ___-____ _____, the cells are likely to be destroyed or permanently inactivated before they leave these organs.

Answer 49

anti-self receptors

Question 50

______ _ _____ suppress certain parts of the immune system to limit the intensity of normal responses. They can inhibit any self-reactive cells that slip through the self-education system.

Answer 50

Regulatory T Cells

Question 51

If an inactive _______ does not encounter the epitope that it is programmed to respond to, the cell eventually dies.

Answer 51

Lymphocyte

Question 52

The Clonal Selection Theory explains how only the most _____ lymphocytes are activated during an infection and thus are the ones most likely to be cloned.

Answer 52

Useful

Question 53

Process of Clonal Selection THeory: 1) ______ recognized by receptors on lymphocytes 2) ________ are activated when receptor binds to epitope of antigen 3) _____ _____ are cloned 4) ______ ______ endure.

Answer 53

Antigen Lymphocytes Activated Lymphocytes Activated Lymphocytes

Question 54

The _______ of the relevant B cells and T cells is carefully controlled in a stepwise process.

Answer 54

Activation

Question 55

_____ ____ phagocytize antigens and debris and act in the process of antigen presentation.

Answer 55

Dendritic Cells

Question 56

______ _____ is a key event tat links the innate and adaptive arms of the immune systm; without this transfer of information, the adaptive immune response would not be actbated to respond to the infection.

Answer 56

Antigen Presentation

Question 57

THe surface proteins responsible for presenting epitopes to T cells are called ___ _________ ______

Answer 57

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (Proteins)

Question 58

_____ ____ present peptides in both classes of MHC proteins.

Answer 58

Dendritic Cells

Question 59

MHC1 prtoeins bind antigens inside the _______ ______ | MHC2 proteins bind antigens inside _______

Answer 59

Endoplasmic Reticulum | Endosomes

Question 60

MHC1 proteins are derived fom the cell's ______ | MHC2 proteins are obtained from the _____ ______

Answer 60

Cytosol | External Environment

Question 61

MHC Antien Presentation: 1) ______ ____ ingest antigen 2) _____ break antigen into peptide fragments 3) Peptides are loaded onto ____ 4) ___-_____ ____ is transported to cell surface 5) ____ presents peptide on surface of cell membrane.

Answer 61

``` Dendritic Cell Enzymes MHC MHC-peptide complex MHC ```

Question 62

T-Cell Activation: 1) _-__ ____ binds to peptide presented on MHC protein on surface of dendritic cell. 2) ______ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells multiply and differentiate.

Answer 62

T-cell receptors | Activated

Question 63

____ T cells interact with class2 MHC-bound epitopes on dendritic cells. _____ T cells interact with class1 MHC-bound epitiops.

Answer 63

CD4+ | CD8+

Question 64

In most cases, full activation of ____ T cells also requires interactions with cytokines produced by activated _____ T cells.

Answer 64

CD8+/CD4+

Question 65

An activated T cell divide to produce a series of genetically identical cells in an event called ___ ___

Answer 65

Clonal Expansion

Question 66

WHen activated CD8+ T cells undergo clonal expansion, the daughter cells develop into _____ _ ____

Answer 66

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 67

THe daughter cells of activated CD4+ cells differentiate into ___ _ ___

Answer 67

Helper T cells

Question 68

2 Types of Helper T Cells: 1) TH1 cells activate _____ _ ___ 2) TH2 cells activate _ ____

Answer 68

Cytotoxic T Cells | B Cells

Question 69

DUring activation the ____ __ will often direct which type of helper T cell the CD4+ cell becomes. This process usually depends on which type of ___s were activated in the dendritic cell.

Answer 69

Dendritic Cells | TLR

Question 70

Upon activation B cells produce massive amounts of ___ _ and a large number of _______.

Answer 70

Rough ER/Mitochondria

Question 71

The increasd ___ __ in activated B cells is required for the manufacturing and secreting antibodies.

Answer 71

Rough ER

Question 72

B cell Activation: 1) _-___ recognizes invader and binds to an epitope on the antigen. The antigen is internalized, processed, and presented on the surface via class 2 MHC. 2) B cells stimulate active _-___. 3) B cell is actiated by ____ _-___ via cytokines. 4) B-cell replicates and some differentiate into ____ ____ which produce large quantities of antibodies.

Answer 72

B-Cell T-Cell Helper T-Cell Plasma Cells

Question 73

_____ ___ are B-cells that produce massive amounts of antibodies.

Answer 73

Plasma Cells

Question 74

The process of _____ ______ fine-tunes the imune response such that B-cell receptors are mutated o bind to antigens more tightly.

Answer 74

Somatic Hypermutation

Question 75

The Cell-mediated response is promoted by ____ cells and involves _____ _ ____ and primarily takes place via cell-cell contact.

Answer 75

TH1/Cytotoxic T Cells

Question 76

The Humoral Response is promoted by ____ cells and involves the production of ____ and other proteins secreted into the blood and lymph.

Answer 76

TH2/Antibodies

Question 77

________ is when antibodies begin coating pathogens which are then readily destroyed by phagocytes.

Answer 77

Opsonization

Question 78

_________ is when pathogens are coated with antibodies to the point that they can't interact with host cells.

Answer 78

Neutralized

Question 79

_________ is when antigens are clumped together via cross-linked antibody attatchment.

Answer 79

Agglutination

Question 80

__-____ of _____ ____ is when antibodies are bound to pathogens and stimulate complement proteins to punch holes in pathogens.

Answer 80

Co-Stimulation of Complement System

Question 81

All nucleated cells in the body express class _ MHC proteins on their cell surface.

Answer 81

1

Question 82

Cytotoxic T cells pass molecules directly into the cytoplasm of infected cells causing the cell to self-destruct via ____

Answer 82

APoptosis

Question 83

_____ ____, the result of apoptosis, are ingested by phagocytes.

Answer 83

Apoptotic Bodies

Question 84

Cell-Mediated Response: 1) _______ by Cytotoxic T Cell 2) _______ _______ from T cell into infected cell 3) ______- T cell leaves and infected cell lyses.

Answer 84

Recognition Direct Secretion Apoptosis

Question 85

B and T cells produce _____ ___ which do not participate in the primary immune response.

Answer 85

Memory Cells

Question 86

Memory cells remain in the ____ and ____ ___ for years or decades, ready to provide a rapid response should an infection with the same antigen recur.

Answer 86

Spleen/Lymph Nodes

Question 87

The _____ ___ ___ is the immune response that occurs when memory cells recognize certain epitopes.

Answer 87

Secondary Immune Response

Question 88

The secondary immune response is faster because the memory T and B cells increase the likelyhood that lymphocytes with the correct ____-____ ___ will find the antigen and activate.

Answer 88

Antigen-Specific Receptors

Question 89

The secondary immune response is more efficient because the memory B cells pass through another round of _____ _______

Answer 89

Somatic Hypermutation

Question 90

______ is the conferring of immunity to a particular disease.

Answer 90

Immunity

Question 91

_______ is the introduction of antigens from a weakened or altered pathogen, to prime the body's immune system so it fights later infections efficiently.

Answer 91

Vaccination

Question 92

Types of Vaccines: 1) _____ vaccines consist of isolated viral proteins 2) _______ _____ vaccines have viruses damaged by chemical treatments that don't cause infections but are antigenic. 3) _______ ____ vaccines are vaccines with complete virus particles that are made harmless by culturing them on cells from species other than normal host.

Answer 92

Subunit Inactivated Viruses Attenuated Viruses

Question 93

An _____ is an abnormal response to an antigen caused by an allergen.

Answer 93

Allergy

Question 94

The cause of an allergic reaction is malfunctioning ___ antibodies.

Answer 94

IgE

Question 95

The presence of IgE antibodies in an allergic response triggers the ____-___ ____

Answer 95

Hyper-sensitive Response

Question 96

A person becomes _____ when the constant regions of the IgE heavy chains bind to mast cells.

Answer 96

Sensitized

Question 97

_______ is an immune response directed against molecules that normally exist int he host.

Answer 97

Autoimmunity

Question 98

MS results from cytotoxic T cells attacking ____ ____ of nerve fibers.

Answer 98

Myelin Sheath

Question 99

Rheumatoid arthritis develops when self-reactive ______ alter the lining of the joints.

Answer 99

Antibodies

Question 100

Type 1 Diabetes occurs when cytotoxic T cells attack and kill ____-_____ cells in the pancreas

Answer 100

Insulin-Secreting

Question 101

______ _____ claims that autoimmune and allergic responses arise in individuals who, because of hygienic practices, have experienced less exposure to pathogens and parasites.

Answer 101

Hygiene Hypothesis

Question 102

Allergies are absent in areas where ______ ____ are common.

Answer 102

Intestinal Worms

Question 103

HIV infects and kills ____ T cells and _________.

Answer 103

CD4+/Macrophages