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BIO 2 Exam 4 > CH 50 Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

CH 50 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ reproduction is based on mitosis and results in genetically identical offspring.

A

Asexual

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2
Q

________ reproduction is based on meiosis and fusion of gametes and, because of genetic recombination, unusually result in genetically different offspring.

A

Sexual

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3
Q

Asexual Reproduction Types:

1) ______-an offspring begins to form within or on a parent and then breaks free and begins to grow on its own.
2) _________-an individual splits into two or more decedents.
3) ____________-Females produce offspring without fertilization by male via chromosome doubling without genetic recombination.

A

Budding
Fission
Parthenogenesis

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4
Q

Sperm are ______ cells produced by meiosis in males, and ovum are____ cells produced by meiosis.
_______ is he fusion of sperm and egg

A

Haploid
Haploid
Fertilization

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5
Q

______ ______ addresses how a trait is produced. The genetic, developmental, hormonal, or neural mechanisms responsible for phenotype.

A

Proximate Causation

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6
Q

________ ______ addresses why a trait occurs in terms of its effect on fitness.

A

Ultimate Causation

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7
Q

High _________ density and the onset of _______ is a major factor that causes the switch from asexual to sexual reproduction.

A

Population

Winter

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8
Q

Genetically variable offspring have higher _____ in environments with rapidly evolving parasites, deteriorating physical conditions, or other types of rapid environmental change.

A

fitness

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9
Q

There is a switch from asexual to sexual reproduction when conditions ______

A

Worsen

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10
Q

The mitotic cell divisions, meiotic cell divisions, and developmental events that produce gametes are called _______

A

Gametogenesis

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11
Q

Spermatogenesis:
___________ (2n)—–Mitosis—->________ ______(2n)—–Meiosis1—-> ______ ________(n)—-Meiosis2—>_______(n)—–>_______ ____(n)

A 
Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Mature Sperm
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12
Q

Parts of Sperm:
1)_______-contains nucleus and enzyme filled structure called _____ that allow sperm to penetrate egg.
2)______-encloses centriole that will combine with egg centriole to form centrosome.
3)____-packed with mitochondria to power movement
4_______-or flagellum

A

Head/Acrosome
Neck
Midpiece
Tail

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13
Q

Oogenesis:
_______(2n)—Mitosis/Differentiation–>_______ _____(2n)—-Meiosis1—>______ ______ (n) and _____ _____(n)—-Meiosis2—–> _____(n) and ______ ____(n)—–>______

A 
Oogonium
Primary Oocyte
Secondary Oocyte and Polar Body
Ootid and Polar Bodies
Ovum
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14
Q

___ are large mainly because they contain the nutrients required for the embryo’s early development.

A

Eggs

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15
Q

Just outside the plasma membrane of eggs, a fibrous, mat-like sheet of glycoproteins called the ______ ____ forms and surrounds the egg.

A

Vitelline Envelope

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16
Q

In the eggs of humans and other mammals, the vitelline envelope structure is unusually thick and is called the ____ ______. This structure is surrounded b a layer of cells, called the _____ _____, that sperm mus penetrate before it can fertilize the oocyte.

A

Zona pellucida

Corona Radiata

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17
Q

Fertilization is the joining of haploid cells to form a diploid _____

A

Zygote

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18
Q

In many species, individuals release their gametes into their environment synchronously, and ______ _____ occurs.
In other animals, sperm is deposited into the reproductive tracts of females, and ____ _____ occurs.

A

External Reproduction

Internal Reproduction

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19
Q

Most animals that rely on external fertilization live in ______ environments.

A

Aquatic

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20
Q

Species with external fertilization tend to produce ____ numbers of gametes.

A

Large

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21
Q

External Fertilization Coordination:
Gametogenesis occurs in response to _______ __.
Gametes are released in response to specific ____ from individuals of the same species.

A

Environmental Cues

Cues

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22
Q

______ might be involved in synchronizing gamete release.

A

Phermones

23
Q

______ _____ occurs in the vast majority of terrestrial animals as well as in some aquatic animals.

A

Internal Fertilization

24
Q

Males package their sperm into a structure called ______ which is then picked up and placed into the female’s reproductive tract by the male or female.

A

Spermatophore

25
Q

_____ ______ is competition betwen sperm of different males to fertilize te eggs of the same female.

A

Sperm Competition.

26
Q

_____-____ ___ demonstrates that the second male wins.

A

Second-Male Advantage

27
Q

In species where females routinely mate with multiple males before laying eggs or giving birth, males have large _____ for their size and produce proportionately larger number of ____

A

Testes/Sperm

28
Q

Females of some species actively _____ which male performs the last copulation before fertilization takes place. In other species, females physically ____ sperm from undesirable males.

A

choose

Eject

29
Q

______ animals, the embryo completes most of ts development inside n egg that is laid in the environment.
______ animals, embryonic development takes place within mothers body.
_____ animals, offspring develop inside mother’s body but are nourished by nutrient-rich yolk.

A

Oviparous
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous

30
Q

Cold Habitats favor _______.

A

Viviparous

31
Q

3 Basic Components of Male Reproduction:
1______ and _____ ____- sperm are produced in the testes and stored in the _____
2) Production of ____ ____-complex solutions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and ________ ___ that are added to sperm before ejaculation.
3______ and _____- a __ ___ is a muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct where it mixes with AF and enters urethra/penis.

A

Spermatogenesis and Sperm Storage/Epididymis
Accessory Fluids/Bulbourethral Gland
Transport and Delivery/Vas Deferens

32
Q

The bone inside the penis of some animals is called the ______

A

Baculum

33
Q

Accessory Fluid:
_______ _____- has fructose and prostaglandis that supplies energy for sperm movement and stimulates smooth-muscle contractions in uterus
______ ____-Antibiotic compounds and Citric acid which prevent urinary tract infections and supply nutrients for sperm
__________ ___- has alkaline mucus which lubes penis tip and neutralizes acid in pussy

A

Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Gland

34
Q

Maturation of Bird Egg:

1) _______ and maturation of ______: Folicles are ova, attatched to yolk
2) Entry of the _____ into ____.
3) Addition of _____ _____
4) Addition of ______ _____
5) Formation of ______
6) Egg is ______

A 
Meiosis/Follicles
Follicle/Oviduct
Egg White
Outer Membranes
Eggshell
Laid
35
Q

2 Basic Structures of Female Reproduction:

1) ______ and ______ of ______-Eggs produced in ovaries, during ovulation a secondary oocyte is expelled from ovary into oviduct (fallopian tube) where fertilization may take place and then transported to uterus.
2) _______ of _____-uterus is where embryonic development takes place.

A

Production and Tranport of Eggs

Development of Offspring

36
Q

Female sex hormones are produced by cells around egg which form structure called ______

A

Follicle

37
Q

_______-_____ _____ from the hypothalamus travels to the anterior pituitary which secretes ______-_____ _____ and _____ _____ which cause the secretion of estradiol and testosterone.

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone/Follicel-stimulating Hormone

38
Q

During the _____ phase of menstral cycle the primary ooctes complee meiosis 1.

A

Follicular

39
Q

During the _____ phase of menstral cycle ovulation occurs and the formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum occurs.

A

Luteal

40
Q

THe lining of the uterus is reabsorbed if pregnancy does not occur in animals having an ______ _____

A

Estrous Cycle

41
Q

High levels of _____ increase the release of LH even though low doses suppress it.

A

Estradiol

42
Q

_______ only exerts a negative feedback on the pituitary hormones.

A

Progesterone

43
Q

A spike in _______ causes the LH spike that transitions the cycle into the luteal phase.

A

Estradiol

44
Q

The more offspring the mother invests in the lower the number of ______ she can ______.

A

Offspring/Produce

45
Q

______-lay eggs and incubate hem until hatch
______-mother carries offspring for long development
_______-corpus luteum not maintained so no placenta, thus early ejection and no gestation.

A

Monotremes
Eutherians
Marsupials

46
Q

____ is the developmental period that takes place inside the mother.

A

Gestation

47
Q

_______ _____ ____ is a chemical messenger that prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating. It causes the ovary to continue secreting progesterone, and the menstrual cycle is stopped. It is produced by te embryo.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

48
Q

The embryo during the first trimester is called a ______

A

Fetus

49
Q

The ______ is a membrane that completely surrounds the embryo and fills with fluid hat provides the embryo a cushion.

A

Amnion

50
Q

The ______ has tissue from both embryo and mother.

A

Placenta

51
Q

The ______ secretes a variety of hormones including progesterone and estrogens that suppress GnRH, LH, FSH production.

A

Placenta

52
Q

In oviparous and ovoviviparous species mothers produce ____ eggs that contain all the nutrients and fluids that the embryo needs for development.

A

Large

53
Q

During pregnancy the mother’s ______ and _____ systems change to increase efficiency of nutrient transfer and gas exchange.

A

Circulatory/Respiratory

BIO 2 Exam 4 (2 decks)

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