Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PS > CH 5 Pediatric Neck > Flashcards

CH 5 Pediatric Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid development

A

develops in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue and descends into the neck. The thyroid gland is connected to the tongue for a short time by the thyroglossal duct. this duct degenerates and disappears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pyramidal lobe

A

is a persistence of the inferior portion of the thyroglossal duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

usually related to a developmental anomaly such as ectopia or dyshomonogenesis (enzyme defect)

*children with congenital hypothyroidism have a condition called cretinism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ectopic thyroid gland

A

thyroid located along the normal route of descent from the tongue.
*most common Lingual thyroid. incomplete descent of the thyroid, thyroid tissue remains high in neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

accessory thyroid gland

A

thyroid tissue may appear in the thymus gland. Tissue is functional, but insufficient to maintain normal thyroid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

goiter

A

non-specific general term for an enlarged thyroid, many causes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thyroid anomalies

A

congenital hypothyroidism
ectopic thyroid gland
accessory thyroid gland tissue
goiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thyroiditis

A

graves disease
hashimotos thyroiditis
DeQuervain’s
Bacterial thyroiditis (acute suppurative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Graves disease

A

thyroid hyperplasia and hyperfunction when occuring in children. more common in adolescent girls.

gland is heterogenous due to infiltration of lymphocytes and multiple blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Graves symptoms:

A

tachycardia, exophthalmos, and enlarged thyroid.

may also be associated with myasthenia gravis, pernicious anemia, or adrenal insufficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Graves disease sono

A

“thyroid inferno” lights up of CFD, diffuse neck lymphadenopathy may also be present. an enlarged, lobulated, hypoechoic, inhomogenous gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hashimotos Thyroiditis

A

chronic autoimmune condition where lymphocyte infiltration of the gland occurs.

common cause of hypothyroidism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hashimotos sono

A

enlarged, coarse gland along with increased vascularity of the gland during a hypothyroid event.

disease eventually casuses the thyroid to progress to a small atrophied gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DeQuervains thyroiditis

A

is an uncommon form of subacute thyroiditis casued by a viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bacterial thyroiditis (acute suppurative)

A

rare and usually due to a staph infection.

usually seen in association with a third/fourth branchial arch anomaly on the left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thyroid carcinoma

A

uncommon in children, thought to be associated with irradiation of head or neck.

Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Papillary carcinoma

A

majority of thyroid cancers.
most common identifying feature is micro-calcifications.
lymph nodes are present in >50%
metastasizes through the lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Follicular carcinoma

A

metatasizes through the bloodstream.

encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Medullary carcinoma

A

occurs with MEN (multiple endocrine disorders)
associated: pheochromocytoma’s, parathyroid hyperplasia (secretes calcitonin), and GI neuromatoses.

tumors metastasize early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

calcium sensing organs, usually dont see.

anomalies are extremely rare in children and usually secondary to severe renal disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of neck masses

A

congenital
inflammatory
neoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Congenital masses of neck

A 
Thyroglossal duct cyst
branchial cleft anomalies
cystic hygroma
congenital torticollis (fibromatosis colli)
cervical lymphadenopathy
cervical teratoma
salivary cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

most common superficial midline neck mass.
a remnant of the thyroglossal duct.

50% appear in children less than 10 years old, asymptomatic
common in adolescents following an upper respiratory infection.

inferior to hyoid bone, and present as painless sweling, with and enlarging and mobile mass. cystic lesion, may recur.

24
Q

Branchial cleft anomalies

A

remnant of embryonic development. 4 paired branchial clefts.

present as solitary, mostly cystic mass on the lateral aspect of the neck at the angle of the mandible under the sternoclediomastoid muscle (SCM)

may be connected to the mouth and become infected

25
Q

cystic hygroma (lymphatic malformation)

A

congenital lymphatic malformation, failure of developing lymphatics to drain into the veins.

associated with: Turners, downs, klinefelter syndromes and trisomy 18 and 13.

70% in neck and face

painless compressible mass, often complex and contain multiple septations.

26
Q

Congenital torticollis (fibromatosis colli)

A

shortening and fibrosis of the SCM. pulls head and neck to affected side.

associated: developmental dysplasia of the hip and tibial torsion.
sono: dense mass of tissue is seen in the SCM.

27
Q

Cervical lymphadenopathy

A

may be normal in children due to URI’s, rare in infants

causes: Epstein-Barr virus, lymphadenitis, cat-scratch disease, and kawasaki’s disease.

28
Q

cervical teratomas

A

rare. most are benign.
sono: multilocular heterogeneous mass. large infiltrative cystic or solid masses in the anterior or lateral neck. typically found prenatally

29
Q

salivary glands

A

exocrein glands which secrete saliva and amylase.

simple salivary gland cysts are rare; cysts we normally see are mucous retention.

30
Q

Parotid gland

A

round or oval shaped and largest gland, lies anterior to ear.

  • most commonly involved with disease in children
  • stensen’s duct drains the parotid into the oral cavity (abnormal to see stensen’s duct)
31
Q

submandibular gland

A

seen below jaw. * triangular in shpae and less echogenic than parotid gland. floor of mounth, stone formation
anterior facial vein runs in the anterosuperior border and the lingual artery borders the medial portion.

*wharton’s duct runs through the medial part of the gland.

32
Q

sublingual gland

A

difficult to identify.
*cysts occurring in the sublingual gland are called ranulae. these are mucous retention cysts, result from obstruction of sublingual gland/duct

33
Q

Sialadenitis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands. parotid and submandibular glands most affected.

acute: secondary to viral or bacterial infections: mumps, mono, CMV (most common)
chronic: HIV, sjogren’s, granulomatous processes

enlargement of salivary glands may be due to: inflammation from parotitis or lympadenitis

*mumps is the most common cause of parotitis

34
Q

Juvenile recurrent sialadenitis (parotitis)

A 
* most common cause of parotid swelling in children in developed countries.
unknown etiology (a lot caused by mumps) more common in boys, present around 3-6 years ceases at puberty.
35
Q

Juvenile recurrent sialadenitis (parotitis) sono

A

enlarged parotid with multiple round hypoechoic areas measuring 2-4 mm are seen, which represent lymphocytic infiltrate. some hypervacularity is evident.
treat with antibiotics.

36
Q

acute sialadenitis

A

infection of salivary gland caused by a virus or bacteria. more common in parotid gland and peaks at 2-14 years. usually due to staph or strep.

sono: heterogeneous gland with dilated ducts, small punctate echogenic areas and multiple hypoechoic areas.

37
Q

sialectasis

A

dilatation of a salivary duct usually due to a chronic infection.

38
Q

sialolithiasis

A

stones in salivary glands, not common

90% occur in submandibular gland 10% in parotid gland

39
Q

Neck neoplasms (benign or malignant)

A 
Benign: 
hemangiomas (vascular, most common in parotid)
cystic hygromas
Malignant:
rhabdomyocarcoma
primary lymphoma
leukemia (infiltrative)
Mets
40
Q

Rhabdomyocarcoma

A

most common pediatric sarcoma, poor prognosis
40% occur in neck
can arise from any muscle
parotid gland may be involved by direct extension

41
Q

primary lymphoma

A

usually MALToma- origin from mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

at risk: sjogrens, HIV, autoimmune dz
(secondary lymphoma is rare but more common in the parotid)

42
Q

Leukemia (infiltrative)

A

rare

43
Q

Mets (neck)

A

rare

neuroblastoma, emlanoma, thyroid ca, squamous cell ca

44
Q

Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome

A

due to CMV or cat-scratch disease.

conjunctivitis and ipsilateral parotid or periauricular adenopathy.

45
Q

bronchogenic cyst

A

usually mediastinal, foregut cysts, esophageal cysts and laryngoceles.

46
Q

cysts of vallecula

A

congenital or acquired, composed of retained secretions in the mucous glands and occur in the pharyngeal wall.

can cause upper airway obstructions, need to be removed

47
Q

Dermoid and Epidermoid

A

Dermoid cysts: contain ectoderm and mesoderm cells

Epidermoid lesions: contain ectoderm cells only

48
Q

Infantile hemangioma (head/neck)

A

small lesion 2-6 weeks after birth, strawberry hemangioma
90% resolve by 9 years old.

if more than 5 lesions, u/s liver due to risk of high-output cardiac failure

49
Q

Congenital hemangiomas

A

rare, fully formed at birth.

RICH- rapid involuting congenital hemangioma
resolve by 1 year of age

NICH- non-involuting congenital hemangiomas
suspected if does not involute by 4-6 months

50
Q

Port wine stains

A

capillary malformation associated with sturge-weber syndrom and klippel-trenaunay syndrome.

present at birth, darken with age
90% unilateral

they can affect the cutaneous distribution of the opthalmic and maxillary trigeminal nerve.

51
Q

Venous malformations

A

grow with child and do not involute, becoming larger at puberty. bluish, compressible, soft skin lesion.

52
Q

Lymphoma (neck mass)

A

can cause masses in head and neck.

  • Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs in adolescents
  • non-hodgkins is more common in the 2-12 year old age group.
53
Q

neuroblastoma (head/neck)

A

can metastasize to head and neck

54
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma (head/neck)

A

most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood, children under 15.

40% in head and neck

tumors arise from skeletal cells and are malignant and aggressive.

55
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma (head/neck) 2 types

A

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma- occur in young child

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma- more common in older children.

56
Q

Lemierre’s syndrome

A

rare inflammatory disease.

adolescence after an oropharyngeal infection.
results in thrombophlebitis of the tonsillar veins which propagates into the IJV.

septicemia can occur and result in septic emboli entering the lungs.

57
Q

*Heerfordt’s disease

A

acute form of sarcoidosis
includes parotid involvement and facial paralysis.

sono: calcified hypoechoic lesion will be seen in the parotid gland.

PS (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions