CH 1 Anatomy of the Head and Spine Flashcards

Question

Mesencephalon (colloculi and peduncles)

Answer 1

becomes the midbrain (remains tubular)

Answer 2

becomes the hindbrain and spinal cord

Answer 3

1-Prosencephalon (forebrain) which has 2 additional divisions (telencephalon and diencephalon) 2-Mesencephalon or midbrain 3-Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) contains the metencephalon and myelencephalon 4- spinal cord

Answer 4

1- Cerebrum 2- Diencephalon 3- Cerebellum 4- Brain stem

Answer 5

the most anterior portion of the brain (forebrain). Consists of telenchephalon, striatum, dienchephalon, lateral ventricle and third ventricle.

Answer 6

enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brain stem. - includes thalamus, hypothalamus, the optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, 3rd ventricle, mammillary bodies, posterior pituitary gland and pineal gland. - part of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

Answer 7

anterior portion of the brain, rostral (to the front of) to the midbrain. - consists of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, corpus striatum and olfactory bulb. - part of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

Answer 8

most rostral portion of the brainstem. - consists of tectum and tegmentum - located between forebrain and brainstem.

Answer 9

inferior portion of the brainstem | -comprised of metencephalon, myelencephalon, and reticular formation

Answer 10

located below the posterior portion of the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata. - division of the hindbrain and consists of the pons and cerebellum - part of rhombencephalon

Answer 11

connected by the middle cerebral peduncles | -part of rhombencephalon

Answer 12

posterior portion of the brain stem | -composed of the medulla oblongata and contains a portion of the fourth ventricle

Answer 13

homogenous and of low echogenicity

Answer 14

- outer portion | - composed of large groups of neurons

Answer 15

- deep inside the brain | - composed of the bundles of axons and dendrites covered with fat

Answer 16

-is called the cerebral cortex and contains 6 layers

Answer 17

a layer of cells covering the surface of the brain

Answer 18

Many folds of the cortex - allows more surface area - large sulci subdivide each hemisphere

Answer 19

major gyrus of brain - hypoechoic structure in the medial part of the brain - partially wraps around the corpus callosum - superior to hypoechoic corpus callosum - posterior to echogenic cigulate sulcus - with callosal marginal artery within it

Answer 20

- primary motor cortex | - located in frontal lobe

Answer 21

- posterior to the fissure of Rolando, or central sulcus | - main sensory area for the sense of touch

Answer 22

- gray matter region surrounding the hippocampus - lies in temporal lobe of the brain - important in memory, especially facial recognition

Answer 23

echogenic spider-like fissures separating the hypoechoic gyri

Answer 24

between 32-40 seeks gestation | ** NO sulci or gyri are apparent up to 22 weeks of gestation**

Answer 25

Less | -both sulci and gyri are more prominent in full term infants

Answer 26

suggests the presence of cerebral edema or infection | - TORCH infections

Answer 27

- main sulcus - known as sulcus of Rolando - separates frontal and parietal lobes - only visible when very deep - separates primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 28

- the first one formed and carries the PCA(posterior cerebral artery) - may be seen in lateral view running horizontally from the occipital horn of the later vent to back of skull

Answer 29

Posterior Cerebral artery

Answer 30

- carries the callosal marginal artery - superior to the corpus callosum - coronally cingulate sulci and gyrus seen on either side of falx cerebri

Answer 31

of echogenic lines sonographically

Answer 32

similar to the parenchyma, homogenous and of low echogenicity

Answer 33

anatomical landmark - caudal end of the medial brain surface - primary visual cortex of the brain is concentrated in this area

Answer 34

deep grooves in the brain

Answer 35

- main fissure - longitudinal fissure - appears echogenic midline structure - separates right and left cerebral lobes

Answer 36

- Lateral fissure or lateral sulcus - one of the most prominent structures of human brain - divides frontal and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below - in both hemispheres, but longer in the left

Answer 37

within the Sylvian fissure

Answer 38

- lies within interhemishperic fissure. - infold of dura which contains the superior sagittal sinus - known to calcify with age - highly echogenic within the interhemispheric fissure

Answer 39

- covering of the brain - 3 coverings, dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater - encase brain and spinal cord

Answer 40

between the Dura Mater and skull

Answer 41

between the Dura Mater and the Arachnoid mater

Answer 42

between the arachnoid and Pia Mater

Answer 43

-Latin = "hard mother" -outer most covering on the CNS (central nervous system) -toughest and most inflexible -has 2 layers: superficial - acutally the skulls inner periosteum deep- inner layer, the dura mater proper

Answer 44

- tentorium cerebelli | - falx cerebri

Answer 45

- between and separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum - most important dural reflection - highly echogenic between cerebellum and occitital and posterior portions of the temporal lobes of cerebrum - divides cranial cavity into supratentorial and subtentorial sections

Answer 46

- separates the two hemispheres of the brain - located in Interhemispheric fissure - midline, crescent-shaped structure - divides the suprtentorial compartment into a left and right side

Answer 47

- separates the lobes of the cerebellum and is a very small dural reflection - generally not imaged on ultrasound

Answer 48

Internal jugular veins

Answer 49

- largest venous sinus | - runs across the top of the brain and within the falx cerebri

Answer 50

- superior sagittal sinus - straight sinus - inferior sinus - transverse sinus

Answer 51

- the superior sagittal sinus.

Answer 52

small finger-like projections of arachnoid which extend into the dura. they extend into the venous sinuses of the brain and drain CSF into the blood stream

Answer 53

*severe dehydration

Answer 54

left and right - right transverse sinus is a continuation of the superior sagittal sinus - left transverse sinus is the continuation of the straight sinus

Answer 55

white matter ischemia and infarction

Answer 56

is a "spider web-like" membrane between the Dura Mater and Pia Mater

Answer 57

a secure medium and space through which the CSF can circulate and provides specialized tissue necessary for absorption of the CSF back into the bloodstream.

Answer 58

to anchor the surrounding membranes and keep the subarachnoid space at a constant depth.

Answer 59

project into the sinuses of the Dura Mater. These granulations or villi transfer CSF from the ventricles into the bloodstream.

Answer 60

areas within the subarachnoid space where the pia mater and arachnoid membrane are not in close proximity. -subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater

Answer 61

- cisterna magna - pontine cistern - interpeduncular cistern - quadrigeminal cisterns (superior cistern, cistern of the great cerebral vein, ambient) * ambient cistern is thin sheet like extension of the quadrigenmal

Answer 62

- below the quadregeminal plate, or tectum of the midbrain. - junction of the gray and white matter in the embryo - called- ambient, superior, cistern of great vein (contains vein of Galen)

Answer 63

Quadrigeminal cistern

Answer 64

tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle

Answer 65

major arteries supplying brain course through these areas. | -subarachnoid or subdural hemorrhages and hematomas

Answer 66

- or basal cistern - wide cavity where the arachnoid extends across the 2 temporal lobes - encloses the cerebral peduncles and the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa

Answer 67

Interpeduncular cistern | biology.org

Answer 68

between the pons and medulla oblongata

Answer 69

between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata.

Answer 70

Cistern Magna (largest)

Answer 71

"tender mother"

Answer 72

- delicate innermost layer of the meninges - thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelopes the entire surface of the brain - joins with ependyma to form choroid plexus, which helps produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 73

to the Dura Mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane

Answer 74

-double fold of pia mater and ependyma which forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle and lower part of the roof of the 4th ventricle.

Answer 75

-forebrain and is the largest part of the human brain.

Answer 76

- motor function - planning and organization - touch sensation - personality development - interpretation of sensory impulses - intelligence determination

Answer 77

- frontal - parietal - temporal - occipital

Answer 78

- anterior portion of the cerebral cortex. - separated from the parietal lobe by the fissure of Rolando posteriorly and from the temporal lobe inferiorly by the Slyvian fissure.

Answer 79

decision-making, problem solving and planning

Answer 80

- superior to occitpital lobe and posterior to the central sulcus and frontal lobes. - posterior portion of the Sylvian fissure separates it from the temporal lobe.

Answer 81

receives and processes sensory information

Answer 82

are anterior to the occipital lobes and lateral to the Sylvian fissure.

Answer 83

responsible for emotions, memory and speech

Answer 84

- most caudal region of the cerebral cortex | - no natural boundaries on its lateral aspect.

Answer 85

Vision and color recognition

Answer 86

area within the cerebral cortex, deep within the lateral sulcus. - where the frontal, parietal an dtemporal opercula (lateral portions of the gyri) meet. - 5th lobe of brain

Answer 87

M3 branch of the Middle Cerebral Artery

Answer 88

contained within the insula | - controls speech, writing, and reading

Answer 89

2 halves | -the right and left hemispheres

Answer 90

corpus callosum | -latin for "large body"

Answer 91

- latin for "large body" bundle of commissural, or interconnecting, fibers that allows the hemispheres to communicate with each other. *larges white matter structure and connective pathway in the human brain.

Answer 92

- rostrum - genu - body - splenium

Answer 93

imaged as a midline, hypoechoic structure that forms the superior margin of the ventricles.

Answer 94

- is actually a "fetal" area - it cannot be visualized as a distinct structure - contains highly "friable" collection of blood vessels that is most active between 8-28 weeks gestation. - can damage easily resulting in hemorrhage. - highly vulnerable to birth injury and blood pressure fluctuations.

Answer 95

- anterior/inferior to the caudate nucleus (near the head) and the floor of the lateral ventricle in the sub-ependymal layer of the later ventricle. - along inferior aspect of lateral ventricles, immediately beneath the ependymal lining of the ventricles and extends from frontal horns backwards into occipital horns. * *lies in caudothalamic groove/notch at 24 weeks gestation

Answer 96

- area "matures" and "disappears after 32 weeks gestation. | - reason infants greater than 32 weeks gestation rarely develop sub-ependymal germinal matrix hemorrhages

Answer 97

landmark on the floor of the lateral ventricle formed by the white matter of the internal capsule that forms a groove between the head of the caudate nucleus and the thalamus.

Answer 98

the germinal matrix may persist in the area causing the infant to be at risk for sub-ependymal hemorrhage (SEH) - landmark used to assist in detection of SEH - best seen in parasagittal plane

Answer 99

seen as a notch where the choroid plexus "tucks" in near the area between the caudate nucleus and the thalamus.

Answer 100

- sub-cortical, gray matter, oval or egg-shaped structure on either side of the third ventricle. - consists of two bodies and tissue that connect the bodies, the "Massa Intermedia" aslo know as the interthalamic adhesion.

Answer 101

- top of the brainstem and superior to the hypothalamus - frontal horns of the lateral ventricles are anterior to thalami - sylvian fissue, with pulsations from the MCA, runs along the lateral margin of the Thalami

Answer 102

consciousness, sleep, wakefulness, motor control and all senses except olfactory.

Answer 103

hypoechoic, large rounded structures posterior to the lateral ventricles.

Answer 104

lies within the third ventricle and is seen as a highly echogenic dot within the ventricle when the 3rd ventricle is dilated. - it is absent in 20% of humans - connects the bodies of the Thalami

Answer 105

- located below the thalamus and above the brain stem - 3rd ventricle is closely related to thalamus and hypothalamus - size of an almond

Answer 106

- body temp - hunger - thirst - fatigue - anger - circadian cycles (daily 24 hr rhythms)

Answer 107

- located at bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus - near the thalamus and hypothalamus at which portions of each optic nerve cross over.

Answer 108

- almond shaped group of neurons - located deep within the temporal lobe, medial to hypothalamus - associated with arousal, emotions, and *hormone secretion

Answer 109

- collection of nuclei - located deep within the cerebral hemispheres in the telencephalon region of the brain closely related to the lateral ventricles. - consists of: *caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra

Answer 110

concavity of the lateral angles of each lateral ventricle | -lies below the floor of the frotal horns of the lateral ventricles and superior and anterior to the Thalamus.

Answer 111

learning and memory

Answer 112

-head, body, tail

Answer 113

-medium-level echoes below the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

Answer 114

“Little brain” in latin, located just above the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobe’s in the posterior fossa of the skull. It has two hemispheres and it’s covered by cortex. They are connected by the cerebellar vermis. Composed of gray matter and a band of white matter that has a “tree – like“ appearance.

Answer 115

Fine movement coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone.

Answer 116

Connect the cerebellum to the Brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla, spinal cord) Act as a connection between the midbrain, the thalamic nuclei and the cerebrum. They also contain the ascending and descending nerve tracts which run between the pons and the cerebrum. Superior cerebellar peduncles =cerebellum to midbrain Middle cerebellar peduncles = cerebellum to the pons. Inferior cerebellar peduncles =cerebellum to the spinal cord

Answer 117

Is seen as a rounded hyperechoic structure in the posterior fossa. In the sagittal midline view, we are really Imaging the cerebellar vermis.

Answer 118

Dorso– spino-cerebellar tract: upper body in impulses Ventro– spino-cerebellar tract: lower body impulses Vestibulo– cerebellar tract: inner ear impulses Reticulo– cerebellar tract: spinal impulses to the brain stem and cortex

Answer 119

The lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. It is located at the junction of the cerebrum and spinal column. Consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. The neurological functions that occur in the brainstem are necessary for survival and arousal. The majority of the cranial nerves come from the brain stem.

Answer 120

Is a bridge – like structure that connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum and links different parts of the brain. Serves as a relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain and contains the respiratory center. Associated with arousal and autonomic functions such as the function of the heart and digestion.

Answer 121

The most inferior portion of the brain stem and functions primarily as a relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between spinal cord and brain stem. Also contains the respiratory, vasomotor and cardiac centers as well as many mechanisms for controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting.

Answer 122

Hypoechoic, heart-shaped paired structure seen beneath the thalami that fuse with the pons. Coronally, the pons, peduncles and medulla are hypoechoic structures seen in the midline plane below the thalami, extending into the posterior fossa.

Answer 123

2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. Foramen of Monroe - Connect the lateral ventricle with the third ventricle Aqueduct of Sylvius - connect the third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 124

The lateral ventricles are situated in the lower medial portion of each cerebral hemisphere and are separated by thin layer called the septum pellucidum. The lateral ventricles are the largest CSF filled structures in the brain. They are use as landmarks to identify other structures in the brain. Most lateral ventricles are asymmetrical normally, especially the occipital horns. The left ventricle is usually larger than the right ventricle. The entire ventricle system appears larger in preterm neonate. And very immature neonates, the anterior horns are larger than in term infants.

Answer 125

1)The body And three horns or cornu: 2) the frontal horn 3) occipital horn 4) temporal horn.

Answer 126

The frontal horns of the lateral ventricles are anterior in the cerebrum. They are triangular in shape with concave lateral walls. Coronally, the frontal horns are seen anteriorly as a common shape fluid filled structures. The foramen of Monro divides the frontal horns anteriorly from the body of the ventricles posteriorly

Answer 127

The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are inferior and occipital horns are in the posterior portion of the cerebrum. The roof of each lateral ventricle is formed by the corpus callosum and the medial walls are formed by the septum pellucidum. The lateral walls of the ventricles are formed by the head at the caudate nucleus.

Answer 128

Extends from the foramen of Monro to the trigone. They are seen slightly posterior to the frontal horns as rounded anechoic structures anterior to the thalami.

Answer 129

The trigone is a triangle shaped area where the temporal and occipital horns meet the body of the lateral ventricle. The trigone of the lateral ventricles is seen filled with the echogenic glomus portion of the Choroid plexus. In the trigon region of the lateral ventricles and anterior to the frontal horn‘s, periventricular area white matter can be seen as a normal periventricular “blush“ or “halo“ This area should be less than or equal to the echogenicity of the normal Choroid plexus but never more echogenic.

Answer 130

The septum Pellucidum is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane which separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. It extends from the corpus callosum down to the fornix of the cerebrum (fornix -bundles of nerve fibers above the thalamus of the brain) The cavum septum pellucidum and cavum septum Vergae are a continuous cystic midline structure in the septum pellucidum. The cavum septum pellucidum is anterior to the foreman of monro and the cavum septum vergae is posterior. The structures begin to close at six months to station and are usually close at charm.

Answer 131

Is a narrow midline space between the right and left thalamus, which communicates with the lateral ventricles through a small opening at the anterior end of the third ventricle called the interventricular foramen or the foramen of Monro. The third ventricle continues caudally into the cerebral aqueduct or aqueduct of sylvius. This aqueduct opens into the fourth ventricle connecting it to the third ventricle.

Answer 132

Pineal recess - is a small recess of the third ventricle which projects into the stalk of the pineal body. The pineal gland is attached to the posterior wall of the third ventricle. Supraoptic recess - or optic recess, is a small angular recess or diverticulum at the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle. It is immediately above the optic chiasm. Infundibular recess –is a funnel-shaped recess on the floor of the third ventricle. It is below the supra-optic recess.

Answer 133

Lies within the pons and narrows caudally in the upper part of the medulla, to form the central canal of the spinal cord. Sonographically the fourth ventricle is too thin to be seen unless it is dilated with CSF. It lies between the thalami in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, the third and fourth ventricles normally are not seen unless they are dilated.

Answer 134

From the fourth ventricle through the foramen of Magendie (median aperture) into the quadrigeminal cistern and foramen of luschka (lateral aperture) into the Pontine cistern. Together they drain the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space.

Answer 135

A clear, colorless fluid that is contained within the system of fluid-filled cavities called ventricles. CSF flow through the ventricles, exits into the cisterns at the base of the brain, baths the surface of the brain and spinal cord and then is absorbed into the bloodstream. 40% of CSF comes from the choroid plexus, the other 60% is produced by extracellular fluid movement from blood through the brain and into the ventricles ( Rumack)

Answer 136

The choroid is formed by the fusion of the pia mater and the ependyma (lining of the ventricles). The structure is a tuft of small capillary vessels that are fringe – shaped and covered by a very fine layer of ependymal cells. The choroid plexus is located on the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and the roof of the third and fourth ventricles and the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle. The bulk of the choroid is contained in atrium of the ventricle and his termed the glomus. ** there is no choroid plexus in the frontal or occipital horn. ** it is normal to see “lumpy“ or “bulky“ choroid in the premature infants. The current Texas nearly fills the entire lateral ventricle in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 137

CSF flows from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle through the intraventricular foramen (Foramen of Munro) The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) connects the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle to each other. CSF them flows into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka (there are two of these) and the of foramen of Magendie (only one) Absorption of the CSF into the bloodstream takes place in the superior sagittal sinus through the structures called arachnoid villi.

Answer 138

Absorption of the CSF into the bloodstream takes place in the superior sagittal sinus through the structures called arachnoid villi. When CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure, CSF will flow into the bloodstream. The arachnoid villi act as “one way valves” if the CSF pressure is less than a venous pressure, the arachnoid villi will not let blood pass into the ventricular system.

Answer 139

1. Protection: the CSF protects the brain from damaged by “buffering“ the brain. The CSF acts to cushion the blow to the head and lessen the impact. 2. Buoyancy: because the brain is immersed in fluid, the net weight of the brain is reduced from about 1400 g to about 50 g. Pressure at the base of the brain is reduced. 3. Excretion of waste products: the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood takes potentially harmful metabolites, drugs and other substances away from the brain. CSF is also an endocrine medium for the brain. The CSF serves to transport for hormones to other areas of the brain. Hormones released into the CSF can be carried to remote sites of the brain where they may act. CSF should almost all be absorbed into the bloodstream as it circulates. When the production or absorption of CSF is disturbed, hydrocephalus is the result.

Answer 140

A tubular bundle of nerves that begins at the foramen magnum and passes through the vertebral column down to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae. It extends from the medulla oblongata and continues through the conus medullaris near the first or second lumbar vertebrae, terminating in a fibrous extension known as a film terminale. Is it over ovoid-shaped, hypoechoic and is in large in the cervical and lumbar regions.

Answer 141

Conus medullaris bear the first or second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord does not run through the lumbar vertebrae Below the level of L1, the vertebral canal is occupied by spinal nerve roots and meninges. The spinal cord is hypoechoic and the interface created by the nerves are echogenic.

Answer 142

(Along with a brain) the outer dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the inner most pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the sub arachnoid space between the pia and the arachnoid. The cord is stabilized within the dura mater by the connecting denticulate ligaments which extends from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots.

Answer 143

Is a membranous sac that encases the spinal cord within the bony structure of the vertebral column. If fuses with the film terminale and contains the CSF the spinal cord floats in. The dural sac ends at the vertebral level of the second sacral vertebrae.

Answer 144

The terminal end of the spinal cord. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the level between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 145

Is a strand of connective tissue, pia mater, extending from the conus medullaris to the spinal dural ( thecal) sac that secures the lower end of the spinal cord. It separates from the nerve roots (Cauda Equina) as it extends posteriorly in the canal.

Answer 146

The nerve roots below L1. This is the structure of the terminal end of the spinal cord that contains lumbar and sacral nerves. It has an appearance of a horses tail, thus the term Cauda Equina. The nerve roots pass through the intravertebral foramen of each vertebrae.

Answer 147

An enlargement of the subarachnoid space. It extends from the level of the intravertebral disc between L1 – L2 to S2. This is at the level of termination of the spinal cord with its pia mater covering and the spinal dura mater with its arachnoid lining. The contents of the lumbar cistern include the film terminale, cauda Equina cerebrospinal fluid. It is a site for lumbar punctures.

Answer 148

Corticospinal tract = lower extremities Spinocerebellar tract = muscle coordination Spinothalamic tract =Touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Answer 149

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyx ```

Answer 150

Long furrow along the midline of the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. it is seen as a central echogenic line which delineates the central end of the anterior median fissure.

Answer 151

A shallow vertical groove dividing the spinal cord throughout its whole length in the midline posteriorly