Ch 5 - Organizational Theory Flashcards
Burns & Stalker break organizations into 2 types (dichotomy)
Mechanistic
Organic
Type or organization:
Runs like a machine
Tightly controlled
Error-free
Un-flawed
Mechanistic organization
Type of organization:
Permeable boundaries
Co-dependent
Adaptable
Nimble on their feet
Organic organization
Blau & Scott - 4 different types of formal organizations
…by asking cui bono (who benefits?)
1) Mutual benefit
2) Business concerns
3) Service organizations
4) Commonweal organizations
Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)
Prime beneficiary: Owner
Lynn Peavey, sells crime scene equipment
Business concerns
Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)
Prime beneficiary: Membership
Police labor unions
Mutual benefit associations
Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)
Prime beneficiary: specific client group
Homeless shelter or community mental health center
Service organizations
Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)
Prime beneficiary: Public at large
Law enforcement agencies
Commonweal organizations
3 branches/stems of Traditional Organizational Theory
Scientific Management - Taylor
Bureaucratic model - Weber
Administrative theory - Gulick (POSDCORB)
Traditional theory is associated with organizations described as (3 synonyms)
Classical
Mechanistic
Closed system
Theory of work organization : Find “the one best way” to do work
Theory of motivation: economic self-interest
Method: most physically and time-efficient way to sequence task
Scientific Management
Taylor
Under this branch of traditional organizations, this term refers to the belief that employees had a natural inclination not to push themselves
Natural Soldiering
Scientific management
Under this branch of traditional organizations, this term refers to the belief that workers did not want to produce so much that their quotas would be raised or other workers thrown out of their jobs.
Systemic soldiering
Branch of traditional organizational theory that this model was superior to all other methods or organizing with respect to efficiency, control, and stability.
It included 8 characteristics & rested on what he called rational-legal authority
Bureaucratic model (Weber)
Weber’s pure bureaucratic model includes these 8 characteristics
1) principle of hierarchy
2) right if appeal
3) division of labor
4) rational rules
5) recorded in writing
6) authority w position property of office (not office holders)
7) appointed by qualifications
8) members don’t own it
Police, working in the field, are the face of government, and were referred as, street-level bureaucrats. Police use their discretion on how to implement public policy. What are the 2 modes the officers operate as?
1) State Agents
2) Citizen Agents
Police, operating as a street level bureaucrat, operated in 2 modes, this mode believed in following the law and policies
State agents
Police, operating as a street level bureaucrat, operated in 2 modes, this mode believed they could bend or ignore the laws and policies
Citizen agents
Branch of traditional organizational theory that sought to identify generic or universal methods of administration
Administrative theory
(Management theory)
Gulick
This term rests on the legal basis for existence of department. Authority is granted to positions within the department, Sgt, Lt, Capt. The occupants or office holders of those positions use the authority to fill their responsibility and accomplish goals of department.
Rational legal authority
This study views organizations as social systems & that the social interactions (not physical ones) were what determined productions
Hawthorne Studies
What did the Hawthorne Studies conclude from their experiment? (4)
1) Production set by social norms (not physiological)
2) Workers react as members as group (not individual)
3) Rewards/sanctions of group affect behavior and limit impact of economic incentive plans
4) Leadership has important role in setting/enforcing group norms
The investigation into the NYPD corruption
Knapp Commission
The Knapp Commission described those who overtly pursued opportunities to profit personally from their police power as
Meat-Eaters
The Knapp Commission described those police officers who accepted payoffs that the happenstance of police work brought their way as
Grass - Eaters
The Hawthorne Studies referred to those workers who produced too much work as
Rate Busters
The Hawthorne Studies referred to those workers who turned out too little works as
Chislers
According to the Maslow; The Need Hierarchy there are 5 categories of human need, what are they? (Starting with first need)
1) Physiological - basic needs (food, water, shelter) (Bottom of pyramid)
2) Safety (not to be harmed, financial security, job security)
3) Belongingness/Love (affection of parents, spouse, acceptance in department)
4) Self-Esteem (compliments, commendations)
5) Self-Actualization (testing oneself, gaining mastery) (top of pyramid)
What are McGregor’s two Theory’s called?
Theory X & Theory Y
According to McGregor’s 2 theories, which one is dominated in more American police departments?
Theory X
What are the 3 elements of McGregor’s Theory X?
Average person has:
1) inherent dislike for work - avoid if possible
2) must be coerced, threatened w/ punishment
3) little ambition, prefers to be directed, wants security
What are the assumptions under McGregor’s Theory Y?
- ) Physical/Mental work is as natural as play or rest
2) People will exercise self-control/direction, and threat of punishment not required for effort
3) Commitment function of rewards associated with achievement
4) Learns to accept and also seek responsibility
5) & 6)
What are the two sets of variables Herzberg saw operating in the work setting
Hygiene Factors
Motivators
Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory relates to the work environment (work conditions)
Hygiene Factors
Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory relates to the work itself?
Motivators
Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory do leaders have more control over?
Motivators
Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory includes:
Job security, policies and administration, supervisory practices, money, status, and the like?
Hygiene Factors
Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory includes:
Challenging work, increased responsibility, achievement, recognition for accomplishments, advancement opportunities
Motivators
Where did Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene concept originate (come from)?
Healthcare field
Small, helpful, self-initiated acts have a ripple effect, causing others to become energized and helpful
Butterfly Effect
An organizational state of non-equilibrium produced by a crisis even that exceeds anything we can imagine
Chaos Theory
The flashpoint when chaos overwhelms normal conditions in an agency and compels the use of innovative efforts and alliances to restore stability in the community
Bifurcation
