Ch 5 - Organizational Theory

Question 1

Burns & Stalker break organizations into 2 types (dichotomy)

Answer 1

Mechanistic

Organic

Question 2

Type or organization:

Runs like a machine
Tightly controlled
Error-free
Un-flawed

Answer 2

Mechanistic organization

Question 3

Type of organization:

Permeable boundaries
Co-dependent
Adaptable
Nimble on their feet

Answer 3

Organic organization

Question 4

Blau & Scott - 4 different types of formal organizations

…by asking cui bono (who benefits?)

Answer 4

1) Mutual benefit
2) Business concerns
3) Service organizations
4) Commonweal organizations

Question 5

Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)

Prime beneficiary: Owner

Lynn Peavey, sells crime scene equipment

Answer 5

Business concerns

Question 6

Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)

Prime beneficiary: Membership
Police labor unions

Answer 6

Mutual benefit associations

Question 7

Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)

Prime beneficiary: specific client group
Homeless shelter or community mental health center

Answer 7

Service organizations

Question 8

Type of formal organization by asking cui bono (who benefits?)

Prime beneficiary: Public at large
Law enforcement agencies

Answer 8

Commonweal organizations

Question 9

3 branches/stems of Traditional Organizational Theory

Answer 9

Scientific Management - Taylor

Bureaucratic model - Weber

Administrative theory - Gulick (POSDCORB)

Question 10

Traditional theory is associated with organizations described as (3 synonyms)

Answer 10

Classical
Mechanistic
Closed system

Question 11

Theory of work organization : Find “the one best way” to do work

Theory of motivation: economic self-interest

Method: most physically and time-efficient way to sequence task

Answer 11

Scientific Management

Taylor

Question 12

Under this branch of traditional organizations, this term refers to the belief that employees had a natural inclination not to push themselves

Answer 12

Natural Soldiering

Scientific management

Question 13

Under this branch of traditional organizations, this term refers to the belief that workers did not want to produce so much that their quotas would be raised or other workers thrown out of their jobs.

Answer 13

Systemic soldiering

Question 14

Branch of traditional organizational theory that this model was superior to all other methods or organizing with respect to efficiency, control, and stability.
It included 8 characteristics & rested on what he called rational-legal authority

Answer 14

Bureaucratic model 
(Weber)

Question 15

Weber’s pure bureaucratic model includes these 8 characteristics

Answer 15

1) principle of hierarchy
2) right if appeal
3) division of labor
4) rational rules
5) recorded in writing
6) authority w position property of office (not office holders)
7) appointed by qualifications
8) members don’t own it

Question 16

Police, working in the field, are the face of government, and were referred as, street-level bureaucrats. Police use their discretion on how to implement public policy. What are the 2 modes the officers operate as?

Answer 16

1) State Agents

2) Citizen Agents

Question 17

Police, operating as a street level bureaucrat, operated in 2 modes, this mode believed in following the law and policies

Answer 17

State agents

Question 18

Police, operating as a street level bureaucrat, operated in 2 modes, this mode believed they could bend or ignore the laws and policies

Answer 18

Citizen agents

Question 19

Branch of traditional organizational theory that sought to identify generic or universal methods of administration

Answer 19

Administrative theory
(Management theory)
Gulick

Question 20

This term rests on the legal basis for existence of department. Authority is granted to positions within the department, Sgt, Lt, Capt. The occupants or office holders of those positions use the authority to fill their responsibility and accomplish goals of department.

Answer 20

Rational legal authority

Question 21

This study views organizations as social systems & that the social interactions (not physical ones) were what determined productions

Answer 21

Hawthorne Studies

Question 22

What did the Hawthorne Studies conclude from their experiment? (4)

Answer 22

1) Production set by social norms (not physiological)
2) Workers react as members as group (not individual)
3) Rewards/sanctions of group affect behavior and limit impact of economic incentive plans
4) Leadership has important role in setting/enforcing group norms

Question 23

The investigation into the NYPD corruption

Answer 23

Knapp Commission

Question 24

The Knapp Commission described those who overtly pursued opportunities to profit personally from their police power as

Answer 24

Meat-Eaters

Question 25

The Knapp Commission described those police officers who accepted payoffs that the happenstance of police work brought their way as

Answer 25

Grass - Eaters

Question 26

The Hawthorne Studies referred to those workers who produced too much work as

Answer 26

Rate Busters

Question 27

The Hawthorne Studies referred to those workers who turned out too little works as

Answer 27

Chislers

Question 28

According to the Maslow; The Need Hierarchy there are 5 categories of human need, what are they? (Starting with first need)

Answer 28

1) Physiological - basic needs (food, water, shelter) (Bottom of pyramid)
2) Safety (not to be harmed, financial security, job security)
3) Belongingness/Love (affection of parents, spouse, acceptance in department)
4) Self-Esteem (compliments, commendations)
5) Self-Actualization (testing oneself, gaining mastery) (top of pyramid)

Question 29

What are McGregor’s two Theory’s called?

Answer 29

Theory X & Theory Y

Question 30

According to McGregor’s 2 theories, which one is dominated in more American police departments?

Answer 30

Theory X

Question 31

What are the 3 elements of McGregor’s Theory X?

Answer 31

Average person has:

1) inherent dislike for work - avoid if possible
2) must be coerced, threatened w/ punishment
3) little ambition, prefers to be directed, wants security

Question 32

What are the assumptions under McGregor’s Theory Y?

Answer 32

1. ) Physical/Mental work is as natural as play or rest
   2) People will exercise self-control/direction, and threat of punishment not required for effort
   3) Commitment function of rewards associated with achievement
   4) Learns to accept and also seek responsibility
   5) & 6)

Question 33

What are the two sets of variables Herzberg saw operating in the work setting

Answer 33

Hygiene Factors

Motivators

Question 34

Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory relates to the work environment (work conditions)

Answer 34

Hygiene Factors

Question 35

Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory relates to the work itself?

Answer 35

Motivators

Question 36

Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory do leaders have more control over?

Answer 36

Motivators

Question 37

Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory includes:

Job security, policies and administration, supervisory practices, money, status, and the like?

Answer 37

Hygiene Factors

Question 38

Which of the two variables in Herzberg’s theory includes:

Challenging work, increased responsibility, achievement, recognition for accomplishments, advancement opportunities

Answer 38

Motivators

Question 39

Where did Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene concept originate (come from)?

Answer 39

Healthcare field

Question 40

Small, helpful, self-initiated acts have a ripple effect, causing others to become energized and helpful

Answer 40

Butterfly Effect

Question 41

An organizational state of non-equilibrium produced by a crisis even that exceeds anything we can imagine

Answer 41

Chaos Theory

Question 42

The flashpoint when chaos overwhelms normal conditions in an agency and compels the use of innovative efforts and alliances to restore stability in the community

Answer 42

Bifurcation