Ch 5: Medical Technology

Question 1

At a fundamental level, medical technology deals with

a) production of new equipment to provide more advanced health care.
b) using discoveries made in basic sciences to deliver health care.
c) the application of scientific knowledge for improving health and creating efficiencies.
d) new drugs, devices, and biologics.

Answer 1

the application of scientific knowledge for improving health and creating efficiencies.

Question 2

What is the main advantage of interoperability within an electronic health records (EHR) system?

a) Information can be safeguarded.
b) Information can be shared between physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals.
c) Information can be coordinated with clinical practice guidelines.
d) Information can be transmitted over the Internet.

Answer 2

Information can be shared between physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals.

Question 3

What is the main advantage of interoperability within an electronic health records (EHR) system?
a) Information can be safeguarded.

b) Information can be shared between physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals.
c) Information can be coordinated with clinical practice guidelines.
d) Information can be transmitted over the Internet.

Answer 3

Information can be shared between physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals.

Question 4

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act requires

a) nontransmittal of individual health information over the Internet.
b) nondisclosure of personal health information.
c) large health care organizations to switch to electronic health records.
d) protection of personal health information.

Answer 4

protection of personal health information.

Question 5

Telemedicine technology that allows a specialist located at a distance to directly interview and examine a patient is referred to as

a) synchronous
b) simultaneous
c) telehealth
d) analogous

Answer 5

synchronous

Question 6

The asynchronous form of telemedicine uses _____ technology.
a) delayed-access

b) forward-and-retrieve
c) access-when-needed
d) store-and-forward

Answer 6

store and forward

Question 7

The expectations that Americans have about what medical technology can do to cure illness is based on

a) medical specialization
b) the technological imperative
c) cultural beliefs and values
d) a higher rate of technology diffusion in the US compared to other countries

Answer 7

cultural beliefs and values

Question 8

What is the main intent of the Stark laws?
a) Require demonstration of cost-efficiency of new technology

b) Prohibit self-referral by physicians to facilities in which they have an ownership interest
c) Disclosure of potential harm from a procedure or device
d) Require that personal health information be kept confidential

Answer 8

Prohibit self-referral by physicians to facilities in which they have an ownership interest

Question 9

Supply-side rationing.

a) Central planning
b) Managed care
c) Curtailment in governing funding for medical research
d) Curtailment in payments for new technology

Answer 9

central planning

Question 10

Certain allergy medications containing pseudoephedrine are available without prescription, but must be kept behind the pharmacy counter and sold only in limited quantities upon verification of a person’s identity.

a) Patriot Act 2006
b) Food and Drugs Act, 1906
c) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1938
d) Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962

Answer 10

patriot act 2006

Question 11

The FDA was given the authority to review the effectiveness and safety of a new drug before it could be marketed.

a) Food and Drugs Act, 1906
b) Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962
c) Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992
d) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1938

Answer 11

Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962

Question 12

This law was criticized for slowing down the introduction of new drugs.

a) Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997
b) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1938
c) Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962
d) Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992

Answer 12

Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962

Question 13

This law provided incentives for pharmaceutical firms to develop new drugs for health problems that affected a relatively small number of people.

a) Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997
b) Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992
c) Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962
d) Orphan Drug Act, 1983

Answer 13

Orphan Drug Act, 1983

Question 14

This made additional resources available to the FDA, and resulted in a shortened approval process for new drugs.

a) Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992
b) Orphan Drug Act, 1983
c) Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997
d) Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962

Answer 14

Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992

Question 15

The most stringent requirements of premarket approval regarding safety and effectiveness apply to _____ devices

a) Class III
b) Class IV
c) Class II
d) Class I

Answer 15

class III

Question 16

The Safe Medical Devices Act, 1990 requires
a) that injuries, illness, or death from any device be reported.

b) safety testing of devices before and after they have been marketed.
c) premarket approval of devices.
d) that all problems and potential problems be reported to the FDA.

Answer 16

that injuries, illness, or death from any device be reported.

Question 17

What was the purpose of certificate of need (CON) laws.

a) Control the flow of federal funds for private projects
b) Control new health service programs
c) Control new construction and modernization projects
d) Monitor the diffusion of new technology

Answer 17

Control new construction and modernization projects

Question 18

Which department of the DHHS supports research on health care quality, cost, and access?

a) National Institutes of Health
b) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
c) Institute of Medicine
d) American Health Quality Assocation

Answer 18

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Question 19

What is the main function of the National Institutes of Health?

a) Conduct and support research on health care quality, cost, and access
b) Conduct and support biomedical research
c) Establish medical subspecialties in US medical schools
d) Provide specialized training for medical specialists

Answer 19

Conduct and support biomedical research

Question 20

Which of the following has the greatest impact on system-wide health care costs?
Question 19 options:

a) Increased hospitalizations due to overuse of technology
b) Utilization of technology once it becomes available
c) Purchase price of new technology
d) Training costs associated with new technology

Answer 20

Utilization of technology once it becomes available

Question 21

Evaluation of the appropriateness of medical technology.

a) Clinical trial
b) Cost-effectiveness
c) Efficacy
d) Health technology assessment

Answer 21

Health technology assessment

Question 22

In technology assessment, what role do clinical trials play?

a) They are used for determining cost-effectiveness
b) They are used for establishing the rights of participants
c) They are used for evaluating efficacy and safety
d) They are used for experimentation with potentially useful drugs

Answer 22

evaluating efficacy and safety

Question 23

What is the role of an institutional review board (IRB)?

a) Establish guidelines for the method of conducting research
b) Verify the results of clinical trials
c) Approve and monitor research that involves human subjects
d) All of the above

Answer 23

Approve and monitor research that involves human subjects

Question 24

Without the information on _____, it is almost impossible to know a technology’s usefulness.

a) Cost-benefit
b) Cost-efficiency
c) Quality
d) Efficacy

Answer 24

……..

Question 25

Cost-efficiency evaluates marginal benefits in relation

a) marginal costs
b) marginal safety
c) outcomes
d) flat of the curve

Answer 25

marginal costs

Question 26

Generally, at the start of medical treatment

a) costs exceed benefits
b) cost-efficiency is minimum
c) benefits exceed costs
d) safety is not a major concern

Answer 26

costs exceed benefits

Question 27

The point at which marginal benefits equal marginal costs.

a) Flat of the curve
b) Optimum point
c) Equal intensity
d) Minimum cost-efficiency

Answer 27

optimum point

Question 28

At the flat of the curve,

a) additional medical treatment is harmful
b) marginal benefits are zero
c) maximum cost-efficiency is achieved
d) marginal costs are the highest

Answer 28

marginal benefits are zero

Question 29

Health technology assessment in the US is conducted primarily by
a) the private sector

b) the FDA
c) various government agencies
d) the NIH

Answer 29

private sector

Question 30

What is the main application of quality-adjusted life years?

a) They are used to determine how long on an average a person is likely to live if a given technology is indicated for a health condition
b) They are used to evaluate the ethical dimension of technology
c) They are used as a measure of health benefits
d) They are used as indicators of the economic worth of technology

Answer 30

They are used as a measure of health benefits

Question 31

Benchmarking of HTA organizations should be linked with
a) standardization of HTA methods

b) evaluation of economic worth
c) coordination of HTA efforts across various organizations
d) cost effectiveness of medical technology

Answer 31

standardization of HTA methods