Ch. 5 Immigration and the Immigrant Experience

Question 1

Allophone

Answer 1

A person whose first language is neither English or French

Question 2

Antimodernism

Answer 2

A retreat from modernization and modernity, often associated with rural and traditional values, spirituality, and social hierarchies

Question 3

Barr Colony

Answer 3

Located west of Saskatoon populated by ~2,000 immigrants from Britain as a way to increase the proportion of English-Protestants in Canada

Question 4

Block Settlements

Answer 4

An initiative in settling the West with groups drawn from the same ethnicity or creed allocated contiguous lands so as to take advantage of cultures of mutual support.

Question 5

Bootlegging

Answer 5

Unlicensed, illegal production of alcohol and occasionally other illicit goods.

Question 6

Chinatowns

Answer 6

Enclaves of Chinese immigrants. Created by external forces (Euro-Canadians limiting property ownership) and internal needs (concentration of Chinese institutions).

Question 7

Chinese Benevolent Association

Answer 7

An organization that coordinated the interests and politics of the various community organizations in Chinatowns, providing different levels of support to its members.

Question 8

Context/Reference group

Answer 8

The most influential group in a society of diversity whose culture other groups seek to adopt or are obliged to assimilate to.

Question 9

Continuous voyage requirement (1908)

Answer 9

Regulation passed by federal government to restrict immigration from India and Japan. Required immigrants to reach Canada by means of a single, continuous, unbroken voyage. This contributed to the Komagata Maru incident.

Question 10

Counter culture

Answer 10

A challenge to mainstream culture posed by a group’s rejection of dominant values. E.g. 1960s hippie movement

Question 11

Cultural mosaic

Answer 11

A multi-ethnic and multicultural society in which differences are permitted to continue, rather than face assimilation. (In contrast to US “melting pot”)

Question 12

Doukhobors

Answer 12

An immigrant group comprised of pacifists (remain neutral during conflict) belonging to a Russian dissident religious movement. Settled first on the Prairies then mostly relocated to BC. Persecuted in the 20th century for their pacifism and rejection of material culture.

Question 13

Founding nations

Answer 13

In Canada, refers to French and British Canadians.

Question 14

Galicia

Answer 14

Term formerly used to describe an area of what is now part of Ukraine and Poland, which produced many immigrants to Western Canada.

Question 15

Gentlemen’s/Lemieux-Hayashi Agreement (1908)

Answer 15

The Japanese government agreed to restrict the number of people leaving Japan for Canada. A loophole allowing wives to join their husbands led to significant use of the “picture bride” system thereafter.

Question 16

Head Tax (1885-1923)

Answer 16

A fee levied by the British Columbian and then federal government on Chinese immigrants.

Question 17

Home Children

Answer 17

Over 100,000 children exported from Britain to Canada between 1869-1930s. Organized by charitable church organizations to alleviate overcrowding and to provide improved and more healthy alternatives. Children often subjected to abuse, although children in rural Canada enjoyed improved circumstances.

Question 18

Human rights

Answer 18

Any right thought to belong to every person. Enshrined in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1947) that arose after the WWII war crime trials.

Question 19

Jewish holocaust

Answer 19

Campaign launched in the 1930s and 1940s by the German Nationalist Socialist government aimed at the eradication of the Jewish population in Europe. Estimates are 6 million + were killed.

Question 20

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 20

In the US, post-Civil War racial segregation laws that discriminated against African-Americans; caused this group to emigrate to Canada; laws were dissolved in the 1950s/60s Civil Rights Movement

Question 21

Mennonites/Hutterites

Answer 21

Recruited to settle the Canadian prairies. Faced oppression for their pacifist beliefs and practice of Adult baptism. Communal farming group that has resisted modernization.

Question 22

Nativist

Answer 22

Movement or individual committed to preserving privileges to established members of a community over newcomers. Anti-immigration. Many nativists are themselves earlier immigrants.

Question 23

Pacifism

Answer 23

An anti-war position; pacifists typically will not volunteer for and refuse to be conscripted into conflict. Many eastern European religious groups brought pacifist beliefs with them to Western Canada before 1914.

Question 24

Pluralism

Answer 24

Contrasts dualism. Supports the concept of a community or state made of diverse parts (ethnicity, creed, and/or language)

Question 25

Racism

Answer 25

A set of beliefs and practices that involve the creation of largely arbitrary categories of human peoples and assigning to them behaviours, traits, and tendencies that are essentialized.

Question 26

Sinophobic

Answer 26

Fear of China or Chinese

Question 27

Sojourners

Answer 27

Immigrants whose intent is to work for a period of time, earn savings, and return home. Historically Chinese labourers who worked on the CPR.

Question 28

Sons of Freedom

Answer 28

Related to Doukhobors. A radical anarchist faction whose anti-materialist and anti-statism led to confrontations with the BC provincial government.

Question 29

Split labour market

Answer 29

A labour market in which employers have the option of hiring cheaper labour that is differentiated by race, ethnicity, or creed. Doing so improves profits and embitter relations between labour supplies.

Question 30

War bridges

Answer 30

Typically British women who married Canadians after the war and moved back to Canada

Question 31

War crim trials

Answer 31

Internationally-convened trials to address allegations of crimes against humanity. Led to the notion of Human rights.