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Arib - Living Environment Textbook > Ch. 5 - Evolution > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Geological evolution meaning

A

How the earth changes over time

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2
Q

Organic evolution meaning

A

How species change over time

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3
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

Existing life forms have evolved from earlier forms

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4
Q

What does the theory of evolution help to explain?

A

provides an explanation for the structure, function, and behavior amongst life forms

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5
Q

What is a fossil?

A

remains of organisms preserves in sedimentary rock, amber, ice, or tar

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6
Q

What are the two type of fossil records?

A

Relative dating and Absolute dating

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7
Q

What is relative dating?

A

when you take a fossil and determine the age of a fossil by comparing its position within layers of sedimentary rock

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8
Q

Which layer on a sedimentary rock do you find the older, most primitive species?

A

bottom layer

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9
Q

Which layer on a sedimentary rock do you find the more modern, complex species

A

top layer

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10
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

method used to determine the precise age of a fossil by measuring the decay of isotopes or the effects of radiation on minerals

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11
Q

which radioactive isotopes are used in absolute dating?

A

Carbon-14 and Uranium-238

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12
Q

Which type of fossil is used with carbon-14?

A

organic materials (bones, shells, etc.)

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13
Q

Which type of fossil is used with uranium-238?

A

minerals

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14
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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15
Q

Who came up with the Theory of Acquired Characteristics?

A

Lamark – it is also known as the Theory of Lamark

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16
Q

What do we mean by “use and disuse”

A

the more a body part or organ is used, the stronger and more developed it becomes

the less a body part or organ is used, the weaker and less developed it becomes

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17
Q

what do we mean by the transmission of acquired characteristics?

A

useful characteristics acquired during an individual’s lifetime can be transmitted to its offspring; these acquired characteristics result in a species that is better adapted to their environment

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18
Q

How was Theory of Lamark disproved and by who?

A

August Weisman, disproved the theory by cutting the tails of mice for 22 generations, where each generation that was born ended up having normal tails. Thus showing that acquire characteristics during an organisms lifetime are not inherited

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19
Q

What did Thomas Malthus contribute to the study of evolution?

A

the Principles of Population (the rules and guidelines that a population abides by)

20
Q

What is the Principles of Population?

A

It reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later, there would be insufficient space and food for everyone

21
Q

all organisms have some ________ ancestor

A

common

22
Q

if modern organisms shared common ancestors, then modern organisms should ….

A

have a lot in common

23
Q

What does the theory of evolution try to explain?

A

why species are diverse (different from one another)

24
Q

What are the 6 components of the theory of evolution?

A

1) overproduction
2) competition
3) variation
4) adaptation
5) natural selection
6) speciation

25
Q

what is overproduction?

A

species tend to produce too many offspring that can possible survive

26
Q

what is competition?

A

since living space and food are limited, offspring in each generation must compete amongst themselves and other species of the necessities of life

only a few will survive to reproductive age!!

27
Q

what is variation?

A

individuals that survive and reproduce transmit their variation to their offspring. the offspring tend to be different from eachother and their parents

28
Q

What is adaptation?

A

any kind of inherited trait that improves an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a given environment

29
Q

What is natural selection?

A
  • also known as survival of the fittest *

those enough lucky enough to inherit a characteristic that gives them an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce than others in a population

30
Q

What is speciation?

A

the formation of a new species – over generations, favorable adaptation gradually accumulate in a species while unfavorable ones disappear. Eventually, the changes are so great that a new species is formed.

31
Q

When do we consider two different populations to be different species?

A

when they can no longer interbreed

32
Q

What are the two types of isolation that causes different species to arise?

A

geographic isolation and reproductive isolation

33
Q

what is geographic isolation?

A

physical separation of members of a population that causes those species to be unable to reproduce together (for ex. a mountain forms in between two groups so they no longer interact)

34
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Two groups are not able to reproduce (for ex. night owl with a day owl would not interact and reproduce even though they live in the same forest and there is no geographic barrie)

35
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

the process by which a species evolved into a number of different species. Organisms are spreading into new environments and spreading to those new environments.

example: the different finches on the different islands in the Galapagalos all come from a common ancestor except they adapted into different species depending on the conditions of that island

36
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two unrelated species that don’t have a common ancestor develop similar traits to each other due to adapting to similar environments.

For example, sharks and dolphins do not have an immediate common ancestor (sharks are a type of fish, dolphins are mammals) but they share similar traits like fins and tails because of the shared aquatic environment

37
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When 2 or more species may evolve in response to each other.

For example, the monarch butterfly is poisonous to birds. The mimic butterfly adapts to look more like a monarch butterfly so birds won’t try to eat it. The bird as a result evolves to better differentiate mimic butterflies from monarch butterflies so it can still find food and make sure it does not poison itself.

38
Q

coevolution can be ____ or ______

A

cooperative (both species evolve to help eachother) or competitive (both species evolve to work against eachother)

39
Q

What are the two rates of evolution?

A

1) gradualism 2) punctuated

40
Q

What is punctuated evolution?

A

when a species remains the same for a very long period of time and is interrupted , or punctuated by short, period of rapid evolution

41
Q

What is gradualism in evolution?

A

part of Darwin’s theory of evolution where species arise though a gradual accumulation of small changes over generations and generations

42
Q

How is comparative biology used to tell if different species are share a similar ancestor?

A

Looking at similarities in the DNA and RNA, similar proteins, similar enzymes

43
Q

What are homologous structures vs. analogous structures?

A

homologous: anatomical parts are similar in structure because they share a common ancestor but the body parts is not similar in function

analogous: anatomical parts are similar in function but not in structure (for ex. a bat wing is shaped differently than a bird wing but they have the same function)

44
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

structures that are no longer needed for survival (for ex. in humans, the appendix is no longer needed for survival which is why alot of people get their appendix removed when it gets infected, they can still survive without an appendix)

45
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

in different species, the embryo still follows the same pattern of development, showing that there is a common ancestor

46
Q
A

Arib - Living Environment Textbook (4 decks)

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