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Arib - Living Environment Textbook > Ch. 40 - Immune System > Flashcards

Ch. 40 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any change other than injury that disrupts the normal functions of the body

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2
Q

What are the three ways that diseases come about?

A

1) inherited (genes from a parents)
2) materials from the environment (for ex. cigarette smoke)
3) produced by agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing agent

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4
Q

What is the germ theory of disease

A

That infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms or germs

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5
Q

Which scientist helped to create the germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pastuer (chemist) and Robert Koch (bacteriologist)

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6
Q

Is Lyme disease caused by bacteria?

A

It is caused by bacteria that is found in near deer ticks and the disease is spread form deer tick bites

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7
Q

What are scientists trying to identify when they use Koch’s postulates?

A

They are trying to identify the microorganisms that cause a certain disease

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8
Q

What are the steps to an experiment that uses Koch’s postulates?

A

1) Pathogen identified
2) grown pathogen in a pure culture
3) inject pathogen into a healthy lab mouse
4) identify pathogen

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9
Q

T/F? Are all bacteria and yeast harmful to the body?

A

False – some species are harmless or a actually beneficial for the body

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10
Q

What are the two ways that bacteria can produce illness?

A

1) break down tissues in the body
2) release toxins in the body

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11
Q

Athletes foot is cause by what pathogen?

A

fungus

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12
Q

Anthrax is cause by what pathogen?

A

bacteria

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13
Q

Tapeworm foot is cause by what pathogen?

A

worm

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14
Q

Influenza is cause by what pathogen?

A

virus (the Flu)

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15
Q

Malaria is cause by what pathogen?

A

protist

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16
Q

What are the three ways that infectious diseases are spread?

A

1) direct contact with infected person through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
2) contact with contaminated food or water
3) spread by infected animals

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17
Q

Animals that carry pathogens from person to person is called a ____

A

vector

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18
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

compound that kills bacteria without harming the cells of humans or animals

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19
Q

what is an antiviral drug?

A

compounds that are used to fight viruses and are ineffective against bacteria. They inhibit the ability of viruses to invade the cells and multiply once inside the cell

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20
Q

What is the body’s main defense against pathogens?

A

The immune system

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21
Q

What is nonspecific defense vs specific defense?

A

Non specific –> preventing pathogens form entering the body

specific –> destroying harmful pathogens that enter the body

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21
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Skin, mucus, sweat, and tears

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22
Q

How does mucus protect the body from disease?

A

traps bacteria and viruses and pushes them out of the lungs

23
Q

what is lysozyme? where is it found?

A

enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many types of bacteria; it is found in sweat, mucus, and tears

24
Q

what is an inflammatory response?

A

non-specific reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

25
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

type of white blood cells that engulfs and kills bacteria

26
Q

What is a fever? Why does our body create fevers?

A

A fever is an elevated body temp.

When an infection occurs, the body creates a fever because and elevated temperature slows down the growth of pathogens, increases heart rate so the blood can send out more white blood cells, and speeds the activity of white blood cells and other tissue repairing activities

27
Q

What is an interferon?

A

Protein produced by cells that inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins in infected cells and helps block the replication of viruses.

28
Q

What is the immune response?

A

If a specific pathogen passes the non-specific defenses, the body initiates a series of specific defenses that are known as the “immune response”

29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that triggers the immune response. For ex. bacteria, virus, pollen, and dust

30
Q

What are the two types of immune responses?

A
  1. humoral immunity
  2. cell-mediated immunity
31
Q

What is humoral immunity? What produces the immune response?

A

immunity against pathogens in the blood and lymph – lymphocytes (B-cells) which produce antibodies

32
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein that is shaped like a ‘Y’ and it helps to destroy pathogen

33
Q

What type of antigen can antibodies destroy?

A

both bacteria and viruses

34
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

A specific type of B-cell that creates the antibodies

35
Q

What type of cells regulate the activation of plasma cells?

A

T-lymphocytes or “T-cells”

36
Q

Does cell-mediated immunity produce antibodies?

A

No

37
Q

How are humoral and cell-mediated immunity different?

A
  1. humoral immunity creates antibodies whereas cell-mediated immunity causes pathogen cells to rupture and die
  2. humoral immunity is regulated by B-cells whereas cell-mediated immunity is regulated by T-cells which attack the pathogenic cells directly (instead of using antibodies)
38
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly important for what type of diseases?

A

Those caused by eukaryotic pathogens

39
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

a weakened form of a pathogen that is injected into the bloodstream to trigger a small immune response so that your body forms antibodies that will remember how to attack that pathogen in the future if you get infected

40
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A
  1. active immunity – lasts for long time or a life-time, is caused by being exposed to the antigens (for ex. if you get the chicken pox vaccine, you are protected from getting chicken pox most likely)
  2. passive immunity – lasts for a short time and can be due to antibiotics (protected against a pathogen for a short period of time)
41
Q

What are allergies?

A

an over-reaction by your immune system to an antigen that is NOT harmful

42
Q

An allergic response is caused by what type of cell binding to the antigen?

A

mast cell

43
Q

What happens when an antigen binds to the mast cell?

A

the cell releases a compound called histamines

44
Q

What is the effect of histamines on the body?

A
  1. increases blood and fluid to the area
  2. produces runny nose, runny eyes
45
Q

What medication is given to someone with allergies?

A

anti-histamine, which is a drug that stops the release of histamines so that the patient no longer has allergy symptoms

46
Q

What is asthma?

A

when the muscles in the lungs constrict and cause a restriction of airflow through the passages

47
Q

How are asthma and allergies related?

A

Some types of allergic reactions cause asthma or asthma related attacks where the throat begins to close up in response to being exposed to the antigen

48
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

When the body thinks its own cell is harmful and begins to attack its own cells with the immune response

49
Q

In rheumatoid arthritis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

A

cells of the heart lining and valves

50
Q

In Type 1 diabetes, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

A

insulin producing cells of pancreas

51
Q

In Myasthenia gravis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

A

neuromuscular junctions (space between muscle and nerve cells)

52
Q

In multiple sclerosis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

A

nerve fibers

53
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

54
Q

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A

the symptoms are the formation of diseases that your immune system would normally try to handle

for ex. lung infection, fungal infections, and cancer

55
Q

What is the connection between HIV and AIDS?

A

when HIV (which is a virus) is uncontrolled (meaning the person does not take the correct medications to control the disease or if the disease is serious that treatment cannot keep it under control) then HIV turns into AIDS.

Arib - Living Environment Textbook (4 decks)

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