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Image Processing And Production > Ch. 5 Digital Image Processing > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Digital Image Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Digital image processing refers to:

A

Computer manipulation applied to digital data

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2
Q

What digital image processing stage prepares the raw data for processing and display?

A

Pre-Processing

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3
Q

Because of the electronic components of a DR image receptor, imperfections can lead to _______________:
a. artifacts and scatter
b. artifacts and malfunctioning pixels
c. scatter and malfunctioning pixels
d. all options are correct

A

b. artifacts and malfunctioning pixels

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4
Q

The histogram is a graphic representation of the ______________.

A

Range and incidence of pixel value

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5
Q

The location of the histogram along the x-axis represents:

A

Image brightness levels

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6
Q

The shape of the histogram represents:

A

Image Contrast

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7
Q

The y-axis of the histogram graph represents:

A

Incidence (frequency) of pixel values

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8
Q

Factors that affect the location and shape of the histogram include:
a. collimation and positioning
b. collimation and anatomic area imaged
c. positioning and anatomic area imaged
d. all options are correct

A

d. all options are correct

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8
Q

The process that uses computer algorithms to compare with stored (reference) histograms is known as:

A

Histogram Analysis

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9
Q

The range of the histogram data set that should be included in the displayed image is determined by the:

A

VOIs (Value of interest)

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10
Q

The numerical value indicating the level of radiation exposure to the digital IR is the:

A

Exposure Indicator

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11
Q

A value that reflects the difference between the desired or target exposure to the IR and the actual exposure to the IR is the:
a. EI (Carestream).
b. lgM (Agfa).
c. S number (Fuji).
d. deviation index (DI).

A

d. deviation index (DI).

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12
Q

Which of the following deviation index (DI) values indicate excessive exposure:
a. 2.5
b. +3
c. 200
d. 2000

A

+3
A DI of greater than +3.0 has excessive exposure.

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13
Q

What factors may influence the exposure indicator (EI)?

A

Collimation and Centering

Variables such as collimation, kVp, and centering may influence the EI.

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14
Q

Based on the histogram analysis, consistent image brightness is accomplished through:

A

Automatic rescaling

Automatic rescaling adjusts the image data in the histogram to maintain consistent image brightness despite over or under-exposure
of the IR

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15
Q

The _________ provides a method of altering the brightness and grayscale of the digital image.

A

Lookup Table

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16
Q

In order to improve the quality of the displayed image, LUTs:
a. alter the pixel values of the exposure histogram to match the reference histogram.
b. use the flat field correction to correct the pixel values.
c. use exposure field recognition and segmentation to alter the image data.
d. remove the grid lines

A

a. alter the pixel values of the exposure histogram to match the reference histogram.

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17
Q

This post-processing technique reduces the visibility of image noise:

A

Smoothing
- Reduces the visibility of image noise

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18
Q

This post-processing technique improves the visibility of small, high-contrast structures:

A

Edge Enhancement
- Makes structures more visible

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19
Q

Sources of digital imaging artifacts include:
- scratches on the IP and malfunction of IP transport mechanism
- scratches on the IP and calibration of DR detector elements
- malfunction of IP transport, mechanism and calibration of DR detector elements

A

ALL OPTIONS ARE CORRECT

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20
Q

The distracting area of increase brightness surrounding a displayed image can be removed from the displayed digital image image by:

A

Electronic masking and shuttering

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21
Q

Changing the window level on the display image will:

A

Alter brightness

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22
Q

Increasing the window width will result in an image with:

A

Lower contrast

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23
Q

Important features of the display monitor used for diagnostic interpretation include:
A) display monitor resolution and display size
B) Display monitor resolution in pixel size
C) displayed size in pixel pitch
D) all options are correct

A

D) all options are correct

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24
Q

Diagnostic interpretation should be done at a high-resolution _____ display monitor.

A

Five megapixel

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25
Q

_______ is a measurement of the light intensity (brightness) admitted from the surface of the display monitor.

A

Luminance

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26
Q

Data management for radiology services both within and outside the healthcare system is known as:

A

Radiology informatics and imaging informatics

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27
Q

Standards established to protect the privacy and confidentiality of patients information is known as:

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA)

28
Q

The computer system designed to distribute, store, and display digital images is:

A

PACS

29
Q

The communication standard for medical information:

A

HL7

30
Q

The communication standard for information sharing between PACS and imaging modalities is:

A

DICOM

31
Q

A display workstation used for image interpretation should have features such as:

A

Panning, windowing and annotation

32
Q

The DICOM GSDF is used to evaluate the:

A

Display monitor

33
Q

Security of protected health information (PHI) include:
- Authorization and anonymization
- Authorization and authentication
- Anonymization and authentication

A

ALL

34
Q

Information that should be included on digital images in the DICOM header include:
- identification number in total number of study
- identification number and accession number
- total number of study images and a session number

A

ALL

35
Q

Important challenges of PACS include:

A

disaster recovery, storage, archive

36
Q

Once the data is in digital format, there is no difference between image processing and display between CR and DR.
T OR F

A

TRUE

37
Q

It is a standard practice for radiographers to use alternative algorithms before sending the digital image for diagnostic interpretation. The quality of the digital image is always improved.

T or F

A

False

38
Q

Overuse of digital image, post processing can drastically and negatively alter the data set and may reduce the diagnostic and archival quality of the data.
T or F

A

TRUE

39
Q

Primary display monitors should exhibit a minimum luminance of 1.0 cd/m^2, a maximum luminance of 350 cd/m^2 and a luminance ratio (LR) greater than 250.
T or F

A

True

40
Q

Reversible image compression means there is some loss of image data at the end user.

A

False

41
Q

Teleraradiology is not a recommended practice due to the lack of effective communication between the tele-radiologists and the imaging professionals on the site.
T or F

A

False

42
Q

Personal information collected from a patient that will assist in his or her care is stored in the radiology information system (RIS).
T or F

A

False

43
Q

The system for patient PHI that can be shared outside the healthcare facility and among many systems is the electronic health record (EHR). True or False?

A

True

44
Q

Vendor neutral archives (VNA) require duplicate files to be placed in a remote location for recovery in case of a disaster and the primary files are. True or False?

A

False

45
Q

Transmission devices need to have the capacity to handle the volume of images, delivered within a reasonable timeframe and, can check for errors. True or False

A

True

46
Q

Automatic Rescaling

A

occurs during histogram analysis and is used to maintain consistent image brightness despite overexposure or underexposure of the digital image receptor

47
Q

Contrast Resolution

A

the ability of the image receptor to distinguish between objects having similar subject contrast

48
Q

Deviation Index

A

a value that reflects the difference between the desired or target exposure to the image receptor and the actual exposure to the image receptor

49
Q

DICOM
(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)

A

a communication standard for information sharing between PACS and imaging modalities

50
Q

Dual-Energy Subtraction

A

a technique that can remove superimposed structures so that the anatomic area of interest becomes more visible. Because the image is in a digital format, the computer can subtract selected brightness values to create an image without superimposed structures.

51
Q

Edge Enhancement

A

a postprocessing technique that improves the visibility of small, high-contrast structures

52
Q

Electronic Masking

A

Also known as shuttering. A post processing function that can remove regions of the digital image

53
Q

Exposure Indicator

A

a numeric value that is displayed on the processed image to indicate the level of x-ray exposure received on the digital image receptor

54
Q

Grayscale

A

the number of different shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system

55
Q

HL7
(Health Level 7)

A

A communication standard for medical information

56
Q

Histogram

A

Graphic display of the distribution of pixel values. Each image has its own histogram, and its evaluated to determine the adequacy of the image receptor exposure to x-rays

57
Q

Histogram Analysis

A

The computer analyzes the histogram using processing algorithms and compares it with a pre-established histogram specific to the anatomic part being imaged

58
Q

LUT
(Look Up Table)

A

Provides a method of altering the image to change the display of the digital image in a variety of ways

59
Q

Luminance

A

The emission of light from the screen when stimulated by radiation

60
Q

PACS
(Picture Archiving and Communication System)

A

A computer system designed for digital imaging that can receive, store, distribute, and display digital images

61
Q

RIS (Radiology Information System)

A

Similar to HIS but specific to radiology. If the patient is scheduled for a radiology procedure, patient electronic information is stored and becomes a part of the radiology workflow

62
Q

ROI (Region of Interest)

A

Postprocessing function that provides calculation of selected pixel values within the area of interest to provide quantitative information about the tissue

63
Q

Smoothing

A

A postprocessing technique that suppresses image noise. However, spatial resolution is degraded

64
Q

Stitching

A

A postprocessing operation to combine multiple images into one image for viewing anatomic areas such as for a scoliosis series

65
Q

VOI
(Volume of Interest)

A

Determines the range of the histogram data set included in the displayed image.

66
Q

Window Level

A

sets the midpoint of the range of brightness visible in the digital image

67
Q

Window Width

A

the range or number of shades of gray visible on the digital image

Image Processing And Production (7 decks)

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