Ch. 5

Question 1

What are the 5 basic elements of social structure?

Answer 1

Statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions such as; family, religion, government, and the mass media

Question 2

People to know for the test

Everett Hughes

Answer 2

(In 1945) said that societies deal with inconsistencies by agreeing that certain statuses are more important than others

Question 3

What are the 5 stages of Role Exit?

Answer 3

Doubt, search for alternatives, actin stage/depature, creation of new identity

Question 4

What is a Group? (in sociology context)

Answer 4

Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis

Question 5

What is a Coalition?

Answer 5

A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

Question 6

What is a Social Network?

Answer 6

A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and through that, indirectly to more people

Question 7

What are Social Institutions?

Answer 7

Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic needs

Question 8

What is a Formal Orgainization?

Answer 8

A group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency

Question 9

What is a Bureaucracy?

Answer 9

A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

Question 10

What is a Bureaucracy?

Answer 10

A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

Question 11

What is Weber’s “Ideal Type” ?

Answer 11

A construct or model for evaluating specific cases

Question 12

What are the 5 parts/characteristics of bureaucracy?

Answer 12

1) Division of labor
2) Hierarchy of authority
3) Written rules and regulations
4) Impersonality
5) Employment based on technical qualifications

Question 13

What is Alienation?

Answer 13

A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society

Question 14

What is Trained Incapacity?

Answer 14

Workers that become so specialized in one area of work that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

Question 15

What is Goal Displacement?

Answer 15

A term used to refer to overzealous conformity to official regulations

Question 16

What is Goal Displacement?

Answer 16

A term used to refer to overzealous conformity to official regulations

Question 17

What is the Peter Principle?

Answer 17

Every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

Question 18

What is McDonaldization?

Answer 18

The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide

Question 19

What does the term Bureaucratization refer to?

Answer 19

The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic

Question 20

What is the Iron Law of Oligarchy?

Answer 20

An idea that describes how even a democratic organizations will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by few, called an oligarchy

Question 21

What is the Classical Theory/ Scientific Management Approach?

Answer 21

Workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. The theory also stresses that only physical constraints on workers limit their productivity

Question 22

What is the Classical Theory/ Scientific Management Approach?

Answer 22

Workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. The theory also stresses that only physical constraints on workers limit their productivity

Question 23

What is the Human Relations Approach?

Answer 23

Emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy

Question 24

What is Mechanical Solidarity?

Answer 24

All individuals preform the same tasks

Question 25

What is Organic Solidarity?

Answer 25

A collective consciousness resting on the need a society’s members have for one another

Question 26

What is a Hunting-and-Gathering Society?

Answer 26

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive.

Question 27

What is Horticultural Societies?

Answer 27

A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.

Question 28

What is Agrarian Society?

Answer 28

The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society.. Members engaged in primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological advancements like the plow.

Question 29

What is an Industrial Society?

Answer 29

A society that depends on mechanization to produce goods and services.

Question 30

What is Postindustrial Society?

Answer 30

A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in processing and control of information.

Question 31

What is a Postmodern Society?

Answer 31

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images.

Question 32

What is Hyperconsumerism?

Answer 32

The practice of more than we need or want, and often more than we can afford; a preoccupation of postmodern consumers.