Ch 5-8 Flashcards
Maximizing
Has to be the best possible option
Satisficing
Content option
Problem with maximizing
More likely to have blame and regret
Paradox of choice
More choices means poor well being
Studies show that financial satisfaction colt elated more strongly with life satisfaction in more
Poor countries than rich ones
Even the most wealthiest Americans are only _____ happier than those with more moderate incomes
Slightly
Do happier people make more money
Yes
A longitudinal study by diener nickerson Lucas and sandvile showed that
Those who were more cheerful in the beginning of college went off to eventually make more money later in life
Why do happy people make more money
Can do attitude, halo effect, positive attitude, good social skills
The lottery winner in brickman’s study showed that lottery winners
Suffered from contrast and habituation. Everyday pleasure were less enjoyable. Habituated to lots of money. They adapted.
Paralyzed victims
We’re happier than expected but never returned to pre paralyzed existing levels of happiness
Hedonic treadmill
Stable and neutral levels of happiness. Adapt and don’t go anywhere
Goals provide
Purpose, meaning and direction to life and life activities
Goals are connected to our
Happiness and well being
Matching hypothesis
A way of sorting out which goals lead to increased well being and which do not. Harackiewicz and sansane. If you want to increase your happiness and well being the right goals are those that fit and express your important needs and sense of self
Negative factors of goals
Can bring distress if they aren’t realistic
Cognitive and emotional motivational
Afraid of who we may not become
Sheldon Elliot Kim and kasser 2001. Americans and South Koreans. Tested 10 candidate needs derived from research theory.
Asked people most and least satisfying. Americans more self esteem. South Koreans more relatedness
Intrinsic goals have more to do with
Personally expressive goals. Enjoyable
Extrinsic
End result is desirable. Focus on the outcome
Kasser and ryan suggest that extrinsic goals can lead
To negative consequences when they’re a dominant motivation
Three explanations for matching theory
Personal goals and true self. Intrinsic versus extrinsic goals and autonomous versus controlled motivation
External motives
Want perks that come with the reward and the praise and approval
Interjected motives
Don’t want to feel bad or stupid
Identified motives
Overtime it becomes important because it’s important to someone else whom who saw
Intrinsic motives
Provides pleasure. Rewarding in itself
Paradox of affluence
Marital affluence and well being have gone in different directions
Empty self
Inner emptiness associated with things like drug abuse or compulsive buying and depression
Tyranny of unnecessary
Easterbrook. The rising incomes brought rising expectations
Dynamic equilibrium model
People have more positive than neural baselines. Happy people found to experience more positive events and unhappy people have more negative ones
Demographic variables and life circumstances generally have a weak or strong relationship to happiness?
Weak
Adolescence has not been found to be an un happy period compared to other ages? True or false
True (diener and suh)
Barges and dutton did a study which showed that young respondents rating if anticipated happiness in old age were lower or higher than ratings by adults?
Lower
Active forecasting
Study of people’s predictions about emotional effects of future events
Wilson and Gilbert’s finding show that people consistently ____ the impact of positive and negative events
Overestimate
Wilson and Gilbert did a study sling if people thought they’d be significantly happier after receiving tenure. They found that
Weren’t significantly happier only by two years and not longer than expected
Schkade and kahneman did a study to see if Cali or Midwesterners would be happier. They found
Both were equally happy
Dunn and Wilson did a study using dorm assignments. Predicted impact and how much actual impact the dorm assignments had on student satisfaction levels. They found that
Overestimated students were less happy than expected who were assigned to their dorm they wanted.
Positive affect has two types
Pleasant affect and positive involvement
Pleasant affect involves
Low content arousal
Positive involvement
High arousal
Studies find that happiness is not related to age true or false
True
Women are more likely to experience (negative or positive) emotions. And experience ______ disorders
Negative.
Internalizing disorders like depression
Nolen and hocksema rusting found that men have higher rates of ______ disorders and act out their emotions more. This is associated with things like drug abuse and antisocial disorders. They also found that men consistently show __ and women do too when provoked. Women have more intense positive emotions
Externalizing.
Aggression.
Selection effect
Possibility that people who marry are happier before they get married than those who do not
Longitudinal study was conducted to test marriage affecting pre marriage levels of happiness. (Lucus et al). Marriage has a ______ boost in happiness. People are ____ happier after marriage than before.
Short term boost.
No happier after marriage
Cantor and Sanderson goals having and doing. Extent to which personal resources influence well being. Both resources ____ and ____ and commitment to goals have an important connection to well being.
Material and personal
Diener and fujita effect on well being and congruence with personal goals. Students rated 15 personal strivings. What mattered was
If the resources supported the goals they tried to accomplish. Not how many.
Measuring personal goals
Personal projects, personal strivings and life tasks
Personal projects
Activities and concerns we think plan and carry out or complete. Example doing and essay
Personal strivings
Things you are typically characteristically trying to do in everyday behavior. Trying to persuade another. Helping people in need.
Life tasks
Thinking about current life tasks
Maslows classic hierarchy of human needs
Earliest examples of a motivational hierarchy that attempted to specify human motivation. More needs fulfilled the heal their and happier a person will be.
Sheldon and colleagues found that needs were significantly related to satisfying and dissatisfying events and positive and negative emotions were
Largely consistent between US and South Korean samples
Possible selves
Encompass all the potential futures we can imagine for ourselves. A connection between self and motivation.
Research supports a a relationship between goal importance and self satisfaction. True or false
True
Matching hypothesis study
Students who were achieving personal goals congruent with their underlying motive orientation showed increased well being over the course of the study. Students progressing toward not achieving motives showed low levels in well being.
Autonomous motives
Freely chosen goals and personally expressive. Higher well being
Controlled motivation
Not freely chosen goals not personally expressive
Self determination theory deci and Ryan
The extent of self concordance was defined according to 4 degrees of internalization and ownership. External introjected identified intrinsic
Insecurity
Cause and consequences of materialistic aspirations
Self control
Refers to people’s ability to guide their actions toward the achievement of desires future goal
Delay gratification
Marshmallow test
Control theory
Self regulated. Based on feedback loops that are used to control some process to relate to a given reference point
TOTE
Test operate test exit
Self discrepancy theory
Self guides involve comparisons between self, actual self ideal self and ought self.
Standards
Indicating when s goal has been achieved
Monitoring
Progress toward a goal
Strength
Overcome temptations
Research shows that much of our success or failure in self regulation is determined before the fact.
True
Goal intentions
Our desire to achieve a certain outcome
Implementation intentions
Define our plan of action by specifying the exact steps to achieve a goal.
Study showed that 2/3 of students who made implementation plans finished projects. And 1/4 of students who didn’t only finished their projects.
True.
Baumeister and colleagues show that self control in one actively reduces
Self control in subsequent activities
Relationship with commitment and confidence show
There’s more likely to have success as outcome. Because of this relationship
Approach goals
Positive outcomes that people hope to make or maintain
Avoidance goals
Negative outcomes people avoid
Goal conflict
Problems like limited time or bad schedule making
Intergoal facilitation
Pursuit of one goal at a time enhances the success in achieving another goal
Action identification theory
Any action can be identified at more than one level. People prefer and gravitate toward higher level identifications of their actions and maintain them as long as they’re effective.
Trade off between manageable and meaning
Emmons classified people as high or low level goals. Low level is less negative emotions. High level has more negative emotions.
Ironic effects of mental control
Harder oh try the more you think about it. Like falling asleep
Wegners study.
Try not to think about a white bear. Rebound effect occurred from trying to suppress the thought.
Perspective clarity
Rules and standards of what should be done
Personal obligation
Person required to follow the rules of conduct. Like father taking care of son.
Personal control
Amount of control a person has over the event in question
The hot or go system.
Emotionally arising events in the environment that many require fast action.
Cool or know
Slow rational plans
Comparing procrastinators
Measured physical illness and levels of stress. Found procrastinators started with low stress than non. But in end patterned reversed procrastinators had low grades, self defending and poor under stress
