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Psych 102 > Ch. 5-6 Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 5-6 Learning and Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

Classical/Pavlovian conditioning

A

repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.

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1
Q

Learning

A

Process that produces change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience

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2
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that normally triggers no response

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. (Food in dogs mouth)

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The unlearned, reflexive response elicited by unconditioned stimulus (dog drooling)

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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (bell sound)

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. (Dog salivating to bell

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7
Q

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

A

Gradual weakening/disappearance of conditioned behavior.

Occurs when conditioned stimulus (bell) is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus (food)

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8
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to conditioned stimulus.

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9
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus, but to other similar stimuli as well

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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli

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11
Q

Higher/second order conditioning

A

(Baby crying when seeing a nurse coat because it’s thinks it’s getting a shot.)

Conditioned stimulus from one trial becomes unconditioned stimulus in second trial even though it was never directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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12
Q

Robert Rescorla’s point: cognition involved

A

For learning to occur the conditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentations of the unconditioned stimulus.

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13
Q

Thorndike: trial and error/law of effect

A

Responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur. Responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur.

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14
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Something is added.

Response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing likelihood of recurrence.

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15
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Something is subtracted

Response results in removal/avoidance/escape from a punishing stimulus increasing likelihood of recurrence.

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16
Q

Escape vs. avoid

A

Escape aversive stimuli that are already present

Avoid aversive stimuli before they occur.

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17
Q

Punishment by application

A

Operant is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus (positive punishment)

(Dog jumps on visitor; you smack it with rolled up newspaper)

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18
Q

Punishment by removal

A

Operant is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus. (Negative punishment)

(Guy flirts with other girl and gets dumped by girlfriend)

19
Q

Learned helplessness.

A

Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.

Me and school.

20
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment. (Tolman)

21
Q

Social/observational learning

A

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others

22
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Naturally reinforcing for a given species

Ie. Food, water, sexual contact, adequate warmth.

23
Q

Secondary/conditioned reinforcer

A

One that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer.

Ie. Money, frequent flyer points, college degrees

Can be used to acquire primary reinforcers. And other conditioned reinforcers.

24
Q

Shaping/behavior modification

A

Reinforcing successively closer approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is displayed.

25
Q

Fixed ratio reinforcement

A

Reinforcement occurs after fixed number of responses

Packing 100 envelopes for $1

26
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement

A

Occurs after an average number of responses that vary between trials.

IRL: gambling

27
Q

Fixed interval reinforcement

A

Reinforcer delivered for first response emitted after preset time interval elapses.

IRL: a test in class every four weeks

28
Q

Variable interval reinforcement

A

Occurs for first response emitted after an average amount of time elapsed. Varies per trial

IRL: a kid whining constantly because they know it will eventually pay off.

29
Q

Procedural memory

A

Long term.

Memories of different skills, operations, actions. Ie. Shoe lacing.

30
Q

Semantic memory

A

Long term.

General knowledge, concepts, facts, names

Ie. US presidents. Ingredients in soup

31
Q

Episodic memory

A

Long term.

Memories of particular events

My birthday last year.

32
Q

Free recall

A

Producing information with no retrieval cues

Essay tests not multiple choice.

33
Q

Cues recall

A

Remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Fill in the blank.

34
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying the correct info from several possible choices.

Multiple choice test

35
Q

Tip of the tongue

A

Knowing the information is stored, but not being able to retrieve it.

36
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

37
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Recall of very specific details or images surrounding a significant, rare, or vivid event.

38
Q

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

Much of what we learn is forgotten soon after originally learning it.

Amount of forgetting eventually levels off.

39
Q

Decay theory

A

Forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.

40
Q

Interference theory

A

Forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.

41
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Suppression: deliberately forgetting (car accident)

Repression: unconscious forgetting (rapey stuff)

42
Q

Eyewitnesses

A

Can have distorted recollection of events after exposure to misinformation.

43
Q

Search for engram

A

Memories are stored locally and spread out

Karl lashley
Richard Thompson

44
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Unable to remember some or all of their past especially recent events.

45
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Unable to form new memories.

46
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Form of dimensia

Disease. Destroys brains neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions. Results in complete inability to care for oneself.

Psych 102 (3 decks)

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