Ch 5 Flashcards
Variety of species in an ecosystem
Species diversity
Looks at variety of genes within a species
Genetic diversity
Number of species in a place
Species richness
Takes relative abundance into consideration
Specific evenness
Branching patterns of evolutionary relationships
Phylogenies
Diagrams used to indicate evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic trees
Genetic change over time
Evolution
Happens below species level
Microevolution
Results in new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla
Macroevolution
Physical location on chromosomes that control certain traits
Genes
Complete set of genes in an individual
Genotype
Mistake in DNA copying process, resulting in a random change
Mutation
Happens when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another during chromosome duplication
Recombination
Actual set of expressed traits of an individual
Phenotype
Three main ways evolution occurs
Artificial selection, natural selection, random processes
Humans choosing to mate plants or animals to enhance desired traits
Artificial selection
Traits that improve fitness
Adaptations
Four random processes that can affect evolution **
Mutations, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect
Occur randomly and can be good, bad, or neither; but add to genetic diversity
Mutations
Happens when genotypes are lost by chance
Genetic drift
Happens when there is a drastic reduction in pops toon and some genotypes are lost
Bottleneck effect
Occurs when a new area is colonized
Founder effect
Happens when a population is physically separated
Geographic isolation
Two populations can no longer successfully breed
Reproductive isolation
When geographic isolation is involved
Allopathic speciation
When geographic isolation isn’t involved
Sympatric speciation
Multiple sets of genes, common in plants
Polyploidy
Techniques that allow scientists to copy genes from one organism to another
Genetic engineering
GMOs
Genetically modified organisms
Refers to limits of abiotic conditions they can handle
Range of tolerance
Suite of ideal conditions for an organism
Fundamental niche
Range of abiotic and biotic conditions in which an organism lives
Realized niche
Can survive in a wide range of conditions
Niche generalists
Can survive due to specific needs
Niche specialists
Refers to variety of ecosystems in region
Ecosystem diversity
