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bio 213 > ch 5 > Flashcards

ch 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

who discovered the structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick

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3
Q

what is this and label the parts

A

this is a nucleotide
orange - sugar
yellow - phosphate
green - base

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4
Q

what are the four bases DNA has

A

adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)

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5
Q

who purified chromatin and then later purified dna

A

friedrich miescher

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6
Q

who showed that infectious dead bacteria could infect harmless live bacteria

A

Frederick Griffith

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7
Q

who discovered dna was genetic material

A

Avery, McLeod, and Mcarty

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8
Q

dna is condensed very tightly in _____________

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

The base A in DNA always pairs with

A

T

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10
Q

The Base C in DNA always pairs with

A

G

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11
Q

the two strands of dna run _____________ to each other

A

antiparallel

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12
Q

how many hydrogen bonds for between the bases Adenine and Thymine

A

2

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13
Q

how many hydrogen bonds for between the bases Cytosine and Guanine

A

3

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14
Q

about how wide is a strand of DNA

A

2 nm

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15
Q

label

A

red: major groove
blue: minor groove

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16
Q

about how many bases are there in a turn of DNA

A

10

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17
Q

with the exception of gametes and highly specialized cells every cell in our body has _ chromosomes

A

2

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18
Q

each full set of chromosomes contains _________ nucleotide pairs of DNA

A

3.2 x 10^9

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19
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

highly condensed (especially in interphase), gene poor, and transcriptionally silent

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20
Q

what is euchromatin

A

less condensed (especially in interphase), gene rich, and more easily transcribed

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21
Q

start codon

A

AUG (met, methionine)

22
Q

stop codon

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

23
Q

what do nucleosomes do

A

nucleosomes convert DNA into a chromatin fiber that is approx 1/3 the initial length. the chromatin fibers are made up of the beads on a string (nucleosomes) that tightly pack together

24
Q

what are A and B

A

A: chromatin directly from the nucleus of a cell in interphase
B: the same chromatin but once it has been de condensed; shows the “beads on a string”

25
Q

when DNA around a nucleosome is released what is its length found to be

A

147 nucleotide pairs

26
Q

what 4 histones make up the histone octamers

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

27
Q

what is a histone octamer

A

the core histone that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes

28
Q

understand

A

okay

29
Q

chromatin loops are held together by

A

nonhistone loop forming clamp proteins

30
Q

understand

A

okay

31
Q

what do chromatin remodeling complexes do

A

these protein machines use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the position of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes (interact with histone octamer and the DNA around it)

32
Q

describe what is happening here

A

A: chromatin remodeling proteins use ATP to push DNA along the histone octamer to expose/hide certain prices of DNA
B: shows how a chromatin remodeling protein cradles a single “bead” of a nucleosome

33
Q

what does acetylation of lysines do to chromatin? what is this an example of?

A
  • reduce affinity for nucleosomes so they loosen the chromatin structure
  • histone modifying enzyme
34
Q

explain

A

heterochromatin specific histone tail modifications allow heterochromatin to form and spread nucleosome to nucleosome until it reaches a barrier DNA sequence

35
Q

explain

A

in females at some point in development they turn off one X chromosome in each cell and then they reproduce, the other X chromosome is kept very condensed in nucleus

36
Q

explain why calico cats are all female

A

because X chromosome deactivation leads to part of their body using the X chromosome with the black coding in it and the other part using the X chromosome with the orange coloring in it

37
Q

understand

A

okay

38
Q

understand

A

okay

39
Q

understand

A

okay

40
Q

is this DNA or RNA and how do you know

A

it’s RNA because there are two hydroxyl groups

41
Q

label

A

pink: pyrimidine
blue: purine

42
Q

DNA is read

A

5’ - 3’

43
Q

what was alfred hershey and martha chases experiment

A

they labeled bacteriophage proteins with S^35 (non radioactive) and labeled the bacteriophage DNA with P^32 (radioactive). they let the bacteriophage infect the cells and then centrifuged them, the infected bacteria contained P^32 only so they knew DNA was the genetic transmission material

44
Q

explain frederick griffiths experiment

A

he took a rough and smooth strain of S. pneumoniae, the smooth strain has a capsule and is much more deadly, when injected, mice die. the smooth cells were treated with heat and injected and the mice survived. when the rough bacteria was injected with heat treated smooth bacteria the mice died and this proved transmission of genetic material.

45
Q

why is RNA less stable than DNA

A

it used ribose instead of deoxyribose and the second hydroxyl group makes it much more susceptible to hydrolysis

46
Q

if there is a base and a sugar with no phosphate group what is it called

A

nucleoside

47
Q

DRAW

A

!!!!

48
Q

why does DNA use thymine instead of uracil

A

because thymine is more durable

49
Q

what are the two kinds of DNA damage

A
  • endogenous: occur in cells without outside influence (replication errors, base changes, strand breaks)
  • exogenous: damage induced by external or environmental sources (chemicals, radiation, uv)
50
Q

the two main kinds of damage that can happen to DNA spontaneously

A
  • depurination (a purine gets removed from sugar and phosphate group)
  • deamination (a cytosine has its NH3 removed and it’s replaced with an Oxygen which makes it a uracil)
51
Q

what are thymine dimers and what causes them

A
  • thymine dimers are when two thymines bind together (changes DNA structure)
  • they are caused by uv radiation

bio 213 (14 decks)

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