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gen chem > ch 5 > Flashcards

ch 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of two substances

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2
Q

solvent

A

majority component of the mixture

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3
Q

solute

A

minority component of the mixture

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4
Q

aqueous solution

A

water acts as the solvent

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5
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute relative to solvent

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6
Q

dilute solution

A

one that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent

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7
Q

concentrated solution

A

one that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent

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8
Q

Molarity (M)

A

the amount of solute (in moles)/volume of solution (in liters)

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9
Q

dilution equation

A

M1V1=M2V2

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10
Q

how do solids dissolve in water?

A

the attractive forces that hold the solid together compete with the attractive forces between the solvent molecules and the particles that compose the solid

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11
Q

solute-solute interactions

A

attractive forces that hold the solid together

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12
Q

solvent-solute interactions

A

attractive forces between the solvent molecules and the particles that compose the solid

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13
Q

the oxygen atom in water is ____ rich, giving it a partial negative charge

A

electron

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14
Q

the hydrogens in water are ___ poor, giving them a partial positive charge

A

electron

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15
Q

electrolytes

A

Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity

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16
Q

strong electrolytes

A

completely dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water

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17
Q

ionic compounds when dissolved in water:

A

break down into their component ions

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18
Q

molecular compounds when dissolved in water

A

dissolve as intact molecules (NOT INCLUDING ACIDS)

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19
Q

nonelectrolytes

A

do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, and result in solutions that do not conduct electricity

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20
Q

strong acid

A

completely ionizes in solution

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21
Q

strong acids are also

A

strong electrolytes

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22
Q

how are ionizations of strong acids represented

A

single reaction arrow between the acid and its ionized form

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23
Q

weak acids

A

do not completely ionize in water

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24
Q

partial ionizations of weak acids are represented with

A

opposing half arrows between the reactants and products

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25
Q

weak acids are also

A

weak electrolytes

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26
Q

not all ionic compounds are

A

soluble

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27
Q

soluble

A

if it dissolves in water

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28
Q

insoluble

A

if it does not dissolve in water

29
Q

when compounds containing polyatomic ions dissolve…

A

the polyatomic ions dissolve as intact units

30
Q

precipitation reactions

A

reactions in which a solid (precipitate) forms when two solutions are mixed

31
Q

only ____ compounds form precipitates

A

insoluble

32
Q

molecular equation

A

shows the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed in molecules

33
Q

complete ionic equations

A

lists all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reactions

34
Q

strong electrolytes are always represented as their _________ in ionic equations, weak electrolytes are not.

A

comoponent ions

35
Q

spectator ions

A

the ions in complete ionic equations that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation

36
Q

net ionic equation

A

only show the species that actually change during the reaction

37
Q

acid-base reactions (neutralization reactions)

A

an acid reacts with a base, and the two neutralize each other, producing water

38
Q

gas evolution reaction

A

a gas forms, resulting in bubbling

39
Q

in both gas ev. and acid-base reactions, the reactions occur when the

A

anion from one reactant combines with the cation of the other.

40
Q

many gas evolution reactions are also

A

acid base reactions

41
Q

bases

A

substances that produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in aq solutions as neutralizing agents

42
Q

H+ (aq) and H3O+ (aq) are used interchangeably to mean

A

hydronium ion

43
Q

polyprotic acids

A

contain more than one ionizable proton and release them sequentially

44
Q

diprotic acid

A

an acid that contains two ionizable protons

45
Q

when we mix an acid and a base, the H+ from the ____ (weak or strong) combines with the OH- from the ____ to form ____.

A

acid; base; H2O

46
Q

acid base reactions generally form ____ and _____ called a ____.

A

water and an ionic compound called a salt

47
Q

a salt generally refers to

A

any ionic compound

48
Q

titration

A

substance in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration

49
Q

equivalence point

A

point in the tritiation when the # of moles of OH- added equals the moles of H+ initially in solution

50
Q

indicator

A

signals the equivalence point; dye whose color depends on the acidity/basicity of the solution

51
Q

some gas evolution reactions form an _____ that then decomposes to form a gas

A

intermediate product

52
Q

redox reactions

A

reactions in which electrons transfer from one reactant to the other

53
Q

many redox reactions involve the reaction of a substance with

A

oxygen

54
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

55
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

56
Q

mnemonic: OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss; reduction is gain

57
Q

oxidation state/#

A

given to each atom based on the electron assignments; charge it would have if all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with the greatest attraction for those electrons

58
Q

group 1 A oxidation state

A

+1

59
Q

group 2A metal oxidation state

A

+2

60
Q

oxidation states can be used to identify

A

redox reactions

61
Q

oxidation: increase in____

A

oxidation state

62
Q

reduction: decrease in ____

A

oxidation state

63
Q

oxidation and reduction must …

A

occur together

64
Q

oxidizing agent

A

causes the oxidation of another substance

65
Q

the oxidizing agent is always

A

reduced

66
Q

reducing agen

A

substance that causes the reduction of another substance

67
Q

the reducing agent is always

A

oxidized

68
Q

if A has a greater tendency to lose electrons than B, then A is more easily ___ than B

A

oxidized

gen chem (12 decks)

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