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gen chem > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms/molecules.

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2
Q

scientific approach is based on

A

observation and experiment

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative interpretation of the observation

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4
Q

experiments

A

controlled procedures that generate observations that confirm or refute a hypothesis

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5
Q

scientific law

A

statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones

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6
Q

scientific theory

A

model for the way nature is and tries to it explain not just what nature does but why

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7
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass

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8
Q

substance

A

a specific instance of matter (water or air)

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9
Q

Matter is classified based on

A

state and composition

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10
Q

three states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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11
Q

in solid matter, atoms are

A

packed closely together in fixed locations (they vibrate but do not move past each other)

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12
Q

solid matter may be ____ or _____.

A

Crystalline or amorphous

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13
Q

crystalline

A

a solid in which atoms/molecules/ions are arranged in patterns with long-range, repeating order.

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14
Q

amorphous

A

solid in which atoms or molecules do not have any long range order

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15
Q

in liquid matter, atoms or molecules …

A

pack about as closely as they do in solid matter, but they are free to move around

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16
Q

liquids have a fixed ___, but not a fixed ____.

A

volume, shape

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17
Q

in gaseous matter, atoms and molecules…

A

have a lot of space between them and they are free to move

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18
Q

gases are ______

A

compressible

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19
Q

gases always assume the ___ and ___ of their containers

A

shape and volume

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20
Q

pure substance

A

made of only one component, and its composition is invariant

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21
Q

the components of a pure substance..

A

can be individual atoms or groups of atoms joined together

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22
Q

examples of pure substances

A

water, helium, sodium chloride

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23
Q

mixture

A

composed of 2 or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another

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24
Q

example of mixture

A

sweetened tea; can be made sweeter or less sweet

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25
Q

pure substances can be categorized into 2 types:

A

elements and compounds

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26
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be chemically brown down into simpler substances

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27
Q

compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more events

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28
Q

mixtures can be categorized into:

A

heterogeneous and homogeneous

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29
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

composition varies form one region to another

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30
Q

homogeneous

A

has same composition throughout

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31
Q

decanting

A

method of separating immiscible liquids by pouring the top layer into another container

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32
Q

filtration

A

liquid is poured through filter paper in a funnel

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33
Q

physical change

A

only alters state or appearance, not composition

34
Q

chemical change

A

alters the composition of matter

35
Q

physical property

A

propter displayed without changing composition

36
Q

chemical property

A

only displays by changing its composition via a chemical change

37
Q

physical and chemical changes are usually accompanied by

A

energy changes

38
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

39
Q

work (W)

A

action of a force through a distance

40
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with motion

41
Q

potential energy

A

energy associated with its position/composition

42
Q

thermal energy

A

energy associated with the temperature of an object

43
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed (it can change from one type into another, and from one object to another, but the total quantity is constant)

44
Q

systems with high potential energy have a tendency to

A

change in a way that lowers their potential energy (makes them unstable)

45
Q

chemical potential energy arise primarily from

A

forces between the electrically charged particles that compose atoms/molecules

46
Q

what kind of energy is chemical energy?

A

potential energy

47
Q

SI unit: length

A

meter

48
Q

SI unit: mass

A

Kg

49
Q

SI unit: time

A

second

50
Q

SI unit: temperature

A

kelvin

51
Q

SI unit: amount of a substance

A

mole

52
Q

SI unit: electric current

A

ampere

53
Q

SI unit: luminous intensity

A

candela

54
Q

mass

A

measure of the quantity of matter within it

55
Q

weight

A

gravitational pull on matter

56
Q

temperature determines the ____ of thermal energy transfer

A

direction

57
Q

thermal energy transfers from

A

hot objects to cold ones

58
Q

on the F scale, water freezes and boils at …

A

32, 212

59
Q

0K

A

coldest temp possible, absolute zero where molecular motion stops

60
Q

___ F= 0 C = ____ K

A

32 F = 0 C = 273 K

61
Q

C =

A

(f-32)/1.8

62
Q

k=

A

C + 273.15

63
Q

derived unti

A

combo of units (m/s)

64
Q

volume

A

measure of space

65
Q

any unit of length, when cubed, =

A

unit of volume

66
Q

density

A

mass/volume

67
Q

density is an ___ property

A

intensive (independent of the amount of substance)

68
Q

mass is an _____ property

A

extensive (depends on the amount of the substance)

69
Q

trailing zeroes after a decimal point are

A

significant

70
Q

trailing zeroes before a decimal point and after a nonzero number are

A

significant

71
Q

trailing zeroes before an implied decimal point are ____ and should b avoided using scientific notation

A

ambiguous

72
Q

In multiplication or division, the result carries the same number of significant figures as the factor with

A

fewest significant figures

73
Q

In addition or subtraction, the result carries the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the

A

fewest decimal places

74
Q

accuracy

A

how close the measure value is to the actual yield

75
Q

precision

A

how close a series of # are to one another

76
Q

random error

A

has equal probability of being too high or too low

77
Q

systematic error

A

tends to be either too high or too low

78
Q

order of magnitude estimations

A

focuses only on the exponential part of numbers written in scientific notation

79
Q

if the decimal part of the number is less than 5(order of mag est.)…

A

just drop it
(4.36 x 10^5= 10^5 OR 2.7x10^-3=10^-3)

80
Q

if the decimal part is 5 or more (order of mag est.)

A

round it up to 10 and rewrite the number as a power of 10
(10x10^8=10^9)

gen chem (12 decks)

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