Ch. 4.8-4.12 Contracts Flashcards
The overarching purpose of rules of ____________ is to determine the parties’ intent. Courts will refer to the following factors, in order of importance:
a. Express words and conduct of the party
b. Course of ___________ - how the partied conducted themselves in the course of performing the contract
c. Course of _______ - how the parties conducted themselves during prior transactions with one another
d. Trade _____ - how words are used customarily or in the market applicable to the parties
interpretation; performance; dealing; usage
Courts will also use a variety of Rules of ____________ when trying to determine how a contract should be construed.
Construction
In addition to interpretation and construction rules, courts will imply certain terms in order to clarify a contract’s meaning - these implied terms are called ___ ________. Courts impose an implied ____________ of good faith and when a contract does not indicate a level of performance, courts will imply and obligation to use ___________ efforts.
gap fillers.obligation; reasonable
The _____ __________ Rule is a rule regarding the kinds of evidence admissible when a party seeks to offer evidence designed to explain an agreement that is in writing. It’s designed to exclude written or oral evidence of commitments made _____ to the actual written agreement b/c it tends to be unreliable.
Parol Evidence; prior
A __________ is an event that is not certain to occur. In a contract, it’s when parties agree that performance is contingent on the occurrence of that uncertain event. There are 3 forms of conditions:
a. condition __________ - a condition that must occur before a duty to perform arises.
b. a condition _____________ - a condition that occurs at the same time as performance
c. condition ___________ - a condition that cuts off a pre-existing duty.
condition; precedent; concurrent; subsequent
When a _________ is excused, a party has an immediate obligation to perform. An excuse can occur by:
a. ___________ - when a party prevents a condition from occurring or fails to cooperate in order to ensure the occurrence of a condition.
b. _______ breach - the breaching party’s obligation is absolute.
c. _____________ repudiation - will excuse a condition such that the repudiating party’s duty to perform becomes absolute.
d. substantial ___________ of a condition will excuse the lack of complete performance of the condition.
e. if the party for who the condition was designed to benefit agrees to a ________
condition; hindrance; material; anticipatory; performance; waiver
When a promisor is under an absolute duty to perform (all conditions have been met or excused), the promisor’s failure to perform represents a ______.
breach
A breach is considered _______ or trivial if the promisor substantially performs under the contract.
partial
A breach is considered _________ when it is so central to the contract that is significantly impairs the contract’s value to the promisee.
material
It’s a _____ breach if:
a. there is likelihood of cure
b. further delay will prevent the promisee from making _________ arrangements
c. prompt performance is critical element to the contract.
total; alternative
True/False: All total breachers are material breaches.
True
A _____ breach discharges the promisee’s obligation, allowing them to withhold performance, terminate the contract, and bring suit to recover damages related to the full value of the contract. They are also allowed to seek alternative arrangement s for the fulfillment of the contact.
total
If a party unlawfully indicates they they will not perform when performance is due, then they have committed an ____________ __________ of the contract.
anticipatory repudiation
A party can ______ their repudiation by indicating a willingness to perform under the contract. A retraction is not valid if the non-repudiating party has:
a. materially changed her position in reliance on the repudiation or
b. indicated her willingness to treat the repudiation as a _____ breach.
retract; total
A party may ________ assurance when they have reasonable grounds for insecurity regarding another party’s performance. It is a ________ request for reasonable assurances for a party’s intention to perform.
demand; written
____________ damages are designed to approximate the amount necessary to compensate the part if the breach had not occurred and the contract had been fully performed. These are sometimes called the benefit of the _________.
expectation; bargain
expectation damages are comprised of _______ damages plus ______________ damages, and are then reduced by any costs or loss avoided.
direct; consequential
______ damages constitute the difference b/w the value of the performance a party should have received and the value of the performance the party actually received.
direct
_________ damages represent losses that result from other transactions that are dependent upon the breached contract.
consequential
A party’s _________ damages are calculated as follows:
Direct Damages + Consequential Damages - Costs Avoided - Loss Avoided (mitigated)
expectation
_____________ in value refers to the difference b/w the value of the property as substantially complete and the value of the property upon full performance.
Diminution
If expectation damages are too speculative, they can be awarded ________ damages. These represent the amount of money a party has spent in justifiable reliance on the contract.
reliance