Ch. 45 Urinary elimination Flashcards
kidney
- performs most of the function of filtration and elimination
- removes waste from blood
- responsible for maintaing a normal RBC volume (erythroprotein)
- renal hormones affect bp regulation (renin)
- affect calcium and phosophate regulation
- key role in fluid and electrolyte balance
ureters
- tubular structuers that enter the urinary bladder
- transports urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder
- reservoir for urine until the urge to urinate develops
- pressure within the bladder is usually low which protects against infection
urethra
- urine travels from the bladder and exits through the uerthral meatus
- male 20 cm
- female 4-6 cm
micturition
the act of urinating
bladder
-can hold as much as 600 mL of urine
desire to urinate
150-200mL (50-100mL in children)
normal adult output
1500-2000 mL/day
renal problem
output is less than 30 ml/hour indicates possible renal problem
benign prostatic hyperplasia
makes men prone to urinary retention and incontinence
cognitive impairments
loose ability to sense a full bladder
uremic syndrome
can be due to irreversible damage to the kidney
renal replacement therapies
dialysis and organ transplantation
sociocultural/phsychological factors
- privacy
- anxiety and emotional stress causes having to pee
- emotional tension makes it diff.
anesthetic and narcotic analgesics
slows the glomuerular filtration rate, reducing urine output
medications
- diuretics
- anticholinergics and antihistamines
- pyridum - turns pee orange
- levedopa
diagnostic examination
intravenous pyelogram
cytoscopy
urinary retention
accumulation of urin resulting from an ability of the bladder to empty properly
urinary tract infection
- E. coli
- happens when you dont urinate
- 80% of the time related to a catheter
- dysuria, irritation (cystitis), blood in urine (hematuria)
urinary incontinence
-involuntary leakage of urine
-stress: when laughing or running and a little comes out
-urge incontinence: sudden urge to pee
(common in elderly & does not mention to embarrassment)
urinary diversions
- stomas
- diversion of urine to an external source
- may be due to trauma, cancer, radiation, fistula, or chronic cystitis
- ureterostomy, nephrostomoy, pouched systems
urine testing/diagnostic testing
-urine specimens are collected
-urinalysis
-specific gravity
-urine culture
-noninvasive: examination (KUB)
+intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
+ultrasound
+urodynamic testing
-invasive examination- endoscopy, sytoscopy, arteriogram
