Ch 45: Urinary Elimation

Question 1

anuria

Answer 1

no urine production

Question 2

bacteremia

Answer 2

bacteria in the bloodstream, also called urosepsis

Question 3

bacteriuria

Answer 3

bacteria in the urine

Question 4

cystitis

Answer 4

an irritated bladder

Question 5

diuresis

Answer 5

increased urine formation

Question 6

dysuria

Answer 6

pain or burning during urination

Question 7

erythropoietin

Answer 7

hormone secreted by the kidneys; maintains normal RBC volume. EPO functions within the bone marrow to stimualte RBC production and maturation and prolongs the life of mature RBCs

Question 8

hematuria

Answer 8

blood-tinged urine

Question 9

hyperactive/overactive bladder (OAB)

Answer 9

associated with individuals of all ages, but older adults are more likely to have incontinence associated with it following physical and cognitive decline associated with aging and effects of medications. results from the sudden, involuntary contraction of the urinary bladder muscles, resulting in an urge to urinate (urge incontinence). can be caused by CVAs, head injury, spinal cord injury, and diabetic neuropathy.

Question 10

micturition

Answer 10

the act of urinating

Question 11

nephron

Answer 11

the functional unit of the kidney, forms urine. composed of teh glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.

Question 12

nephrostomy

Answer 12

procedure where a tube is placed directly into the renal pelvis to drain urine from one or both kidneys

Question 13

nocturia

Answer 13

awakening to void on or more times at night

Question 14

nocturnal enuresis

Answer 14

nighttime voiding without awakening

Question 15

oliguria

Answer 15

decreased urine output despite normal intake, often occurs when fluid loss through other means increases (vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration).

Question 16

overflow incontinence

Answer 16

occurs when a bladder is overly full and bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. often caused by head injury, spinal injury, MS, diabetes, urinary system trauma, and meds.

Question 17

poyuria

Answer 17

excessive output of urine

Question 18

proteinuria

Answer 18

presence of large proteins in the urine

Question 19

pyelonephritis

Answer 19

kidney infection

Question 20

reflex incontinence

Answer 20

loss of voluntary control of urination, but the micturition reflex pathway often remains intact allowing urination to occur without sensation of the need to void. occurs with damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region.

Question 21

renal calculus

Answer 21

kidney stone

Question 22

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 22

an indirect method of cleaning the blood of waste products using osmosis and diffusion, with the peritoneum functioning as a semipermeable membrane. excess fluid and waste products are removed b/c a sterile electrolyte solution (dialysate) is instilled into the peritoneal cavity via a surgically placed catheter. the dialysate remains in the cavity for a prescribed length of time and then is drained out by gravity, taking accumulated wastes and excess fluid and electrolytes with it.

Question 23

hemodialysis

Answer 23

requires a machine equipped with a semipermeable filtering membrane (artificial kidney) that removes accumulated waste products and excess fluids from the blood.

Question 24

kidney transplant

Answer 24

unlike dialysis, transplantation offers pts the potential for restoration of normal kidney function. immunosuppressives are administered, often for life, to prevent the body from rejecting the kidney.

Question 25

lower UTI symptoms

Answer 25

pain/burning upon urination as urine flows over inflamed tissues. fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and malaise develop as infection worsens.

Question 26

upper UTI symptoms

Answer 26

flank pain, tenderness, fever, and chills are common.

Question 27

normal urine color

Answer 27

ranges from a pale, straw color to amber, depending on its concentration. usually more concentrated in the morning or with fluid volume deficits and as a person drinks more fluids, it becomes less concentrated.

Question 28

dark amber urine

Answer 28

high concentrations of bilirubin caused by liver dysfunction

Question 29

dark red urine

Answer 29

bleeding from kidneys or ureters

Question 30

bright red urine

Answer 30

bleeding from the bladder or urethra

Question 31

normal urine clarity

Answer 31

normally appears transparent after voiding, as normal urine stands in a container it becomes cloudy over time.

Question 32

cloudy or foamy urine

Answer 32

increased protein concentrations; occurs in pts with renal disease

Question 33

thick and cloudy urine

Answer 33

presence of bacteria and WBCs

Question 34

pH normal lab values

Answer 34

4.6 - 8.0

Question 35

protein normal lab values

Answer 35

none or up to 8 mg/100 mL; protein is normally not present in the urine

Question 36

glucose normal lab values

Answer 36

none; may be present with diabetic pts

Question 37

ketones normal lab value

Answer 37

none; end products of fat metabolism are ketones. dehydration, starvation, excessive aspirin use, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can cause ketonuria (ketones in urine).

Question 38

blood in urine normal values

Answer 38

normally none; a positive test for occult blood occurs when RBCs, hemoglobin, or myoglobin is present. in a woman a positive test could be a result of contamination with menstrual fluid.

Question 39

urine specific gravity normal lab values

Answer 39

1.0053 - 1.030
high specific gravity = concentrated urine; dehydration, reduced renal blood flow, increased ADH
low specific gravity = dilute urine; caused be over hydration, early renal disease, and inadequate ADH

Question 40

urine culture

Answer 40

requires a sterile or clean-voided sample of urine and takes approx. 24-48 hours before lab can report findings of bacterial growth.

Question 41

catheter size for children

Answer 41

8- to 10-Fr; 3 mL balloon

Question 42

catheter size for females

Answer 42

14- to 6-Fr, 5 to 30 mL balloon

Question 43

catheter size for males

Answer 43

16-to 18-Fr; 5 to 30 mL balloon

Question 44

abdominal roentgenogram

Answer 44

noninvasive procedure that determines the size, shape, symmetry, and location of the kidneys.

Question 45

CT scan

Answer 45

noninvasive procedure that provides detailed image of structures within a selected plane of the body. the computer reconstructs cross-sectional images and thus allows the health care provider to view pathological conditions such as tumors and obstructions.

Question 46

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Answer 46

non invasive procedure that provides view of the collecting ducts and renal pelvis and an outline of ureters, bladder, and urethra. a special injection that converts to a dye in urine is injected intravenously.

Question 47

renal ultrasound

Answer 47

noninvasive procedure that identifies gross renal structures and structural abnormalities in the kidney using high-frequency inaudible sound waves.

Question 48

bladder ultrasound

Answer 48

noninvasive procedure that identifies structural abnormalities of bladder or lower urinary tract. also used to estimate the volume of urine in the bladder.

Question 49

urodynamic testing (uroflowmetry)

Answer 49

noninvasive procedure that determines bladder muscle function and evaluates the causes of urinary incontinence.

Question 50

endoscopy-cytoscopy

Answer 50

invasive procedure that provides direct visualization, specimen collection, and/or treatment of the interior of the bladder and urethra. surgery on the male prostate is also performed using a special endoscope.

Question 51

arteriogram (angiography)

Answer 51

invasive procedure used to visualize the renal arteries and their branches to detect narrowing or occlusion. a catheter is placed in one of the femoral arteries and introduced up to the level of the renal arteries. radiopaque contrast in injected through the catheter while x-ray film images are taken in rapid succession.