Ch 45: Urinary Elimation Flashcards
anuria
no urine production
bacteremia
bacteria in the bloodstream, also called urosepsis
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
cystitis
an irritated bladder
diuresis
increased urine formation
dysuria
pain or burning during urination
erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidneys; maintains normal RBC volume. EPO functions within the bone marrow to stimualte RBC production and maturation and prolongs the life of mature RBCs
hematuria
blood-tinged urine
hyperactive/overactive bladder (OAB)
associated with individuals of all ages, but older adults are more likely to have incontinence associated with it following physical and cognitive decline associated with aging and effects of medications. results from the sudden, involuntary contraction of the urinary bladder muscles, resulting in an urge to urinate (urge incontinence). can be caused by CVAs, head injury, spinal cord injury, and diabetic neuropathy.
micturition
the act of urinating
nephron
the functional unit of the kidney, forms urine. composed of teh glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
nephrostomy
procedure where a tube is placed directly into the renal pelvis to drain urine from one or both kidneys
nocturia
awakening to void on or more times at night
nocturnal enuresis
nighttime voiding without awakening
oliguria
decreased urine output despite normal intake, often occurs when fluid loss through other means increases (vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration).
overflow incontinence
occurs when a bladder is overly full and bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. often caused by head injury, spinal injury, MS, diabetes, urinary system trauma, and meds.
poyuria
excessive output of urine
proteinuria
presence of large proteins in the urine
pyelonephritis
kidney infection
reflex incontinence
loss of voluntary control of urination, but the micturition reflex pathway often remains intact allowing urination to occur without sensation of the need to void. occurs with damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region.
renal calculus
kidney stone
peritoneal dialysis
an indirect method of cleaning the blood of waste products using osmosis and diffusion, with the peritoneum functioning as a semipermeable membrane. excess fluid and waste products are removed b/c a sterile electrolyte solution (dialysate) is instilled into the peritoneal cavity via a surgically placed catheter. the dialysate remains in the cavity for a prescribed length of time and then is drained out by gravity, taking accumulated wastes and excess fluid and electrolytes with it.
hemodialysis
requires a machine equipped with a semipermeable filtering membrane (artificial kidney) that removes accumulated waste products and excess fluids from the blood.
kidney transplant
unlike dialysis, transplantation offers pts the potential for restoration of normal kidney function. immunosuppressives are administered, often for life, to prevent the body from rejecting the kidney.
lower UTI symptoms
pain/burning upon urination as urine flows over inflamed tissues. fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and malaise develop as infection worsens.
upper UTI symptoms
flank pain, tenderness, fever, and chills are common.
normal urine color
ranges from a pale, straw color to amber, depending on its concentration. usually more concentrated in the morning or with fluid volume deficits and as a person drinks more fluids, it becomes less concentrated.
dark amber urine
high concentrations of bilirubin caused by liver dysfunction
dark red urine
bleeding from kidneys or ureters
bright red urine
bleeding from the bladder or urethra
normal urine clarity
normally appears transparent after voiding, as normal urine stands in a container it becomes cloudy over time.
cloudy or foamy urine
increased protein concentrations; occurs in pts with renal disease
thick and cloudy urine
presence of bacteria and WBCs
pH normal lab values
4.6 - 8.0
protein normal lab values
none or up to 8 mg/100 mL; protein is normally not present in the urine
glucose normal lab values
none; may be present with diabetic pts
ketones normal lab value
none; end products of fat metabolism are ketones. dehydration, starvation, excessive aspirin use, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can cause ketonuria (ketones in urine).
blood in urine normal values
normally none; a positive test for occult blood occurs when RBCs, hemoglobin, or myoglobin is present. in a woman a positive test could be a result of contamination with menstrual fluid.
urine specific gravity normal lab values
1.0053 - 1.030
high specific gravity = concentrated urine; dehydration, reduced renal blood flow, increased ADH
low specific gravity = dilute urine; caused be over hydration, early renal disease, and inadequate ADH
urine culture
requires a sterile or clean-voided sample of urine and takes approx. 24-48 hours before lab can report findings of bacterial growth.
catheter size for children
8- to 10-Fr; 3 mL balloon
catheter size for females
14- to 6-Fr, 5 to 30 mL balloon
catheter size for males
16-to 18-Fr; 5 to 30 mL balloon
abdominal roentgenogram
noninvasive procedure that determines the size, shape, symmetry, and location of the kidneys.
CT scan
noninvasive procedure that provides detailed image of structures within a selected plane of the body. the computer reconstructs cross-sectional images and thus allows the health care provider to view pathological conditions such as tumors and obstructions.
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
non invasive procedure that provides view of the collecting ducts and renal pelvis and an outline of ureters, bladder, and urethra. a special injection that converts to a dye in urine is injected intravenously.
renal ultrasound
noninvasive procedure that identifies gross renal structures and structural abnormalities in the kidney using high-frequency inaudible sound waves.
bladder ultrasound
noninvasive procedure that identifies structural abnormalities of bladder or lower urinary tract. also used to estimate the volume of urine in the bladder.
urodynamic testing (uroflowmetry)
noninvasive procedure that determines bladder muscle function and evaluates the causes of urinary incontinence.
endoscopy-cytoscopy
invasive procedure that provides direct visualization, specimen collection, and/or treatment of the interior of the bladder and urethra. surgery on the male prostate is also performed using a special endoscope.
arteriogram (angiography)
invasive procedure used to visualize the renal arteries and their branches to detect narrowing or occlusion. a catheter is placed in one of the femoral arteries and introduced up to the level of the renal arteries. radiopaque contrast in injected through the catheter while x-ray film images are taken in rapid succession.
