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General Biology II E3 > Ch. 42: Vertebrate Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 42: Vertebrate Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulation systems link…

A

exchange surfaces with cells through the body

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2
Q

Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive…

A

double circulation in mammals

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3
Q

Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect…

A

the structure and arrangement of blood vessels

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4
Q

Blood components function…

A

in exchange, transport, and defense

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5
Q

Gas exchange occurs across

A

specialized respiratory surfaces

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6
Q

Breathing ventilates the…

A

lungs

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7
Q

Adaptations for gas exchange include…

A

pigments that bind and transport gases

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8
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

bulk flow

-i.e. Aurelia

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9
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A
  • high-vs-low pressure
  • high blood pressure enables effective delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells of larger and more active animals
  • not as much body mass in hemolymph
  • shunting blood
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10
Q

Systole

A

heart contraction
high pressure
pumping

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11
Q

Diastole

A

hear relaxes
lower pressure
passive flow

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12
Q

Flow =

A

F = ∆P / R
Flow = change in pressure / resistance
∆P is from heart
R is from vasculature

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13
Q

Hagen - Poiseuille Law for Newtonian-fluid dynamics

A 
Flow = (P_in - P_out)*(pi/8)*(1/viscosity)*(r^4/L)
∆P = heart
(pi/8)*(1/viscosity)*(r^4/L) = vessel

change flow by

  • increase ∆P
  • varying r
  • i.e. artery/ smooth muscles
  • artery is blood away from heart (∆P)
  • (pi/8) = constant
  • (1/viscosity) = walls of artery and blood resistance
  • (r^4) = radius can change; contraction of smooth muscles
  • L = length of artery of where the blood travels through
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14
Q

Why is blood pressure limited in fish?

A
  • 2-chambered heart: 1 atria and 1 ventricle
  • ∆P regions in pulmonary and systemic capillary beds
    • > have high resistance, very narrow => r is small
  • F = ∆P/R
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15
Q

Anatomical and physiological consequences (implications) of a 4-chambered heart in an endotherm such as a bird or mammal?

A
  • 2 complete circuits
    => Pulmonary circuit: heart to lungs: Low P
    => Systemic circuit: heart to body: High P
  • get more O2
  • increase metabolic rate
  • more energy used
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16
Q

Series vs Parallel circuits

A

Parallel Circuit shows typical capillary bed
- higher SA and lower R since P is split
- More bracing, more SA
- decrease in velocity with friction and radius
F = ∆P/R

Series: all P goes through all R (lower overall F)

17
Q

Why do arteries have thick layers of smooth muscle?

A
  • take blood away from the heart under higher pressures
  • Thick walls included band of smooth muscles (regulate diameter)
  • shunt blood
18
Q

Why do veins have one-way valves?

A
  • delivery of blood to the heart
  • ∆P, reduce pressure
  • help with back-flow
  • lower pressure
19
Q

What is the function of a capillary

A
  • exchange surfaces (i.e. heat, gas)
  • thin walled, sometimes perforated
  • high SA
20
Q

What is the reason/role for the lymphatic system?

A
  • immune function
  • helps with diffusion
  • loss of fluid and protein return to blood
  • take lymph small intestine => blood
  • drains into large veins of the circulatory system at the base of the neck
  • lymph nodes are organs that house lymph and attack foreign cells such as veins and bacteria
  • lymph vessels: like veins
21
Q

What does ventilation maximize in Fick’s Law

A

F=DA*(∆P/∆x)

maximizes: ∆P
- creates pressure gradient
- keep “air” moving; i.e. breathing

22
Q

Why do mammalian lungs have so many alveoli?

A

to increase/ maximize SA

23
Q

Why is the advantage of having hemoglobin to be sensitive to pH?

A

more strategic of where to release O2

=> Lower pH

  • more CO2
  • retains less O2
  • O2 to diffuse to cells

=> Higher pH

  • binds better to O2
  • allow more O2 to bind to blood
  • get more O2/mL
24
Q

Which vertebrates do you think is the ultimate aerobic performer? Explain.

A

Birds

  • lungs always have O2
  • unidirectional flow; 2 breaths
  • more/continuos air flow
  • get more O2/air than reptiles or mammals
25
Q

2 chambered heart

A
  • fish
  • 1 atria
  • 1 ventricle
  • pressure keeps decreasing
  • R1 and R2 in series; has to go through both R
26
Q

3 chambered heart

A
  • amphibians and reptiles (except crocodiles)
  • 2 atria
  • 1 ventricle but partially divided
  • ventricle: (1) amphibians: very little separation of blood in ventricle
    (2) reptiles: more separation of blood in ventricle
  • 2 circuits that are somewhat separate
  • Pulmonary: lower P
  • Systemic: higher P
  • separate but same circuit with high P and low P zones
  • R1 and R2 in parallel (overall lower P)
27
Q

4 chambered heart

A
  • crocodiles, birds, mammals
  • 2 atria
  • 2 ventricles
  • 2 complete circuits
    • Pulmonary circuit: low pressure
    • Systemic circuit: high pressure
  • increase in metabolic rates
  • more energy
28
Q

Arteries

A
  • blood away from the heart
  • main goal: delivery under high pressure
    • thick walls include band of smooth muscle (regulate diameter)
  • shunt blood
  • carries blood under high pressure to body regions
  • can be regulated to shunt blood
  • form many capitally beds
29
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase in diameter
decrease in R
increase in F

30
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter
increase in R
decrease in F

31
Q

Capillary Bed

A

highly branched
thin-walled vessels
helps to increase SA
overall R decreased

32
Q

Veins

A
  • delivery (blood reservoir)
  • low pressure (lower flow rates)
  • not as thick walled
  • one way valves: help with back flow and reduce P
33
Q

ECG or EKG

A

electrical activity of the heart
3 events in total
1) heart contracts due to depolarization
SA node (peace maker) => AV node

34
Q

Respiration

A

Cell: mitochondria

Whole Organism: 
=> "Respiratory System"
=> O2 environment => Respiring tissues
=> H2O to fresh water: 6.6mL O2/ L H2O
=> H2O to marine water: 5.3mL O2/ L sea water
=> Air: ~21% O2 or 210mL O2/ L air
35
Q

Key Steps (Fick’s law compliant)

A

1) ventilation (water or air) - convection
2) diffusion across thin respiratory membrane
3) bulk flow
4) diffusion across thin capillary membrane
5) diffusion to cells/mitochondria

General Biology II E3 (3 decks)

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