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General Biology II E3 > Ch. 40: Animal Body plans and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Ch. 40: Animal Body plans and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal form and function are correlated at

A

all levels of organization

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2
Q

Feedback control maintains…

A

the internal environment in many animals

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3
Q

Homeostatic processes for …

A

thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior

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4
Q

Energy requirements are related to…

A

animal size, activity, and environment

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5
Q

Size and shape are constrained by

A
  • physical laws and the necessity of exchange with the environment
  • SA to V ratio has to be reasonable, dictates size of organism
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6
Q

Hierarchical organization of body plans

A
  • Atoms
  • Macromolecules
  • Cell
  • Tissue: collection of “like”-cells that serve a common function
  • Organ: collection of 2 or more tissues that function to serve a common goal
  • Organ Systems: 2 or more Organs that work together to perform a common function
  • Organism: all organ systems working together (keep organism alive and reproduce)
  • Population: group of some species living in some area
  • Communities: all organisms in a shared area
  • Ecosystem: abiotic and biotic in a defined region/area
  • Biosphere: planet Earth
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7
Q

11 organ systems in mammals

A

1) Circulatory
2) Respiratory
3) Excretory
4) Muscular
5) Skeletal
6) Nervous
7) Integumentary
8) Reproductive
9) Endocrine
10) Digestive
11) Immune

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8
Q

4 tissue types

A

1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covering, skin

  • covers free surfaces (anything exposed to a space)
  • i.e. skin, gastrointestinal system, blood vessels
  • tend to exhibit polarity (plasma membrane)

functions: protective, absorption, secretion, modified as sensory structures

Structures:

1) Membranes: skin = cutaneous membrane
2) Glands
- endocrine: ductless, recreate into blood (hormones)
- exocrine: ducts drain to apiral surface (sweat glands, true sweat, oily sweat)

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10
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Suspended in matrix, blood
- scaffolding to hold tissues together

  • cells suspended in a secreted matrix
    => cell: fibroblast: CT proper
    => condrocytes: cartilage
    => osteocytes: bone

Matrix: ground substance: polysaccharides
=> glycoproteins + water + salts
=> liquid <=> solid
i.e. blood bone

fibers (proteins)

  • collagen: thick
  • elastin: elastic
  • reticulin: thin
  • loose connective tissue (elastic, under skin)
  • fibrous connective tissue
    • bone: can change shape
    • cartilage: helps give structure
    • fat: called adipose tissue (cells = adipocytes) (insulation, excess food storage)
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11
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

contractile, heart

  • produces contractile force
  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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12
Q

Nervous Tissue

A 
Neurons: conduct action potential
neuroglia
- communication among tissues and data 
- acquisition system: internal conditions and external conditions (environment)
- Glial cells: "glue" / scaffolding
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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintain fairly stable internal conditions necessary for survival
- relates to 2nd law of thermo (entropy) because it function to maintain order

  • Walter Cannon, “The Wisdom of the Body” 1990
  • keeping cell as dis-equilibrium
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14
Q

Negative Feedback

A

reduce magnitude of stimulus
stimulus elicits a response that oppose original stimulus

  • increase in blood sugar
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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15
Q

Positive Feedback

A

amplify magnitude of stimulus
response increases stimulus

  • blood clotting
  • contractions during labor
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16
Q

Ectothermy

A

source of heat from outside
can be either temperature regulators or temperature conformers
- fish
regulates behavior

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17
Q

Endothermy

A

generally generate heat internally
regulates temperature
-sea walrus

18
Q

Bioenergetics

A

energy flow and transformation at any biological level of org.

19
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

endotherm: minimum rate

20
Q

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

A

ectotherm: rate at temperature

21
Q

Animal Size and Metabolic Rate

A 
Small = lower BMR
Large = higher BMR

(opposite for 1 kg or body mass)

22
Q

Animal Size and Metabolic Rate

A 
Small = lower BMR
Large = higher BMR

(opposite for 1 kg or body mass)
(Small = higher BMR)
(Large = lower BMR)

23
Q

Relate Fick’s law to the design of the intestinal epithelium, which is a smile columnar epithelium with a “brush border”
i.e. the apical surface of the cell membrane exhibits microvilli

A

F = DA * (∆p/ ∆x)

  • 1 layer
  • large-brick-shaped cells of simple columnar epithelia are often found where recreation or active absorption is important
  • lines intestines, digestive secretory juices, absorbing nutrients
24
Q

Why would you expect to find a layer of connective tissue just underneath the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of human skin?

A
  • loose connective tissue to bind epithelia to underling tissues and holds organs in place
  • connective tissue: collagen, elastin, reticulin
  • mores elastin: help to connect muscle to epithelium
25
Q

Why are the actions of insulin and glucagon considered to be homeostatic?

A

Homeostatic: refers to any process that living things use to maintain fairly stable internal conditions necessary for survival

insulin:
- glucose increase in body
- pancreas secrete insulin
- insulin increase tells liver to convert glucose to glucagon
- insulin also stimulates glucose uptake by cells
- blood-glucose level goes back to normal

glucagon:
- glucose decreases in body
- pancreas secrete glucagon
- liver breaks down glucagon to glucose
- blood-glucose level rises back to normal

26
Q

What is the principle difference between how the nervous system sends signals versus the endocrine system?

A

nervous system: sends signals through nerves/neurons/ impulses

endocrine system: sends signals through hormones

27
Q

Why can an ectotherm be either a temp regulator or a temp conformer?

A
  • ectotherm: source of heat comes from outside
  • regulate behaviorally
    • i.e. bearded dragon moves from sun to shade
  • conformer: temperature changing with environment
    • cooler temps: move slower (physiologically)
28
Q

A lizard receives heat from a nearby tree. what type of heat transfer is this?

A

IR radiation

- IR from objects in environment

29
Q

Why do birds/humans “fluff” feathers/hair to keep warm?

A

F = DA * (∆p/ ∆x)
where increase ∆x or length of hair/fur to keep warmer
- diffusion will decrease with increase length
- overall decreasing flow

30
Q

Trace the energy flow from ingestion to dissipation in ground squirrel

A

Organic molecules in food
==> Digestion and Absorption (heat and energy lost in feces)
==> Nutrient molecules in body cells (energy lost in nitrogenous waste)
==> Cellular Respiration and Carbon Skeletons
==> CS => Biosynthesis
==> CR => ATP
==> ATP => Cellular work (heat) and Biosynthesis
==> Biosynthesis (heat and nutrient molecules in body cells)

31
Q

Cellular Arrangement (layering) of epithelial tissue

A

1) simple: one cell layer
2) stratified: two or more layers
3) pseudo stratified: 1 cell layer that looks like 2 or more layers
- in trachea, ciliated, secretory/absorptive to heat/water/moisture

32
Q

Shape of epithelial tissue

A

1) Cuboidal: short diffusion path (i.e. kidney)
2) Columnar: (grow) simple, absorptive, small/large
intestine = H2O; gut
3) Squamous: (laying down/ elongated)
- skin (stratified squamous)
- esophagus, oral cavity
- also simple squamous found on lungs
- need to get gases out quickly

33
Q

Solar Radiation

A

light
UV
IR

34
Q

IR radiation

A

IR from objects in environment

35
Q

Convection

A

heat transfer via air or water currents

36
Q

Conduction

A

direct (transfer) from environment

37
Q

Condensation and Metabolism

A

also ways to input energy

Temp and Thermal Energy budgets

38
Q

Chemical Energy Budget

A

Input:
- food: amount, caloric density, assimilation efficiency

Storage:

  • Somatic growth (get bigger => more so kids)
  • Reproductive (gametes, female)
  • Reserves (fat/adipose)

Output:

  • Feces, urine
  • Work: moving yourself
  • metabolism: any energy requiring mechanism
39
Q

Metabolism

A

sum total of all biological reactions in an organism

40
Q

Anabolic

A

biosynthetic (requires E)

41
Q

Catabolic

A

breakdown (releases E)

42
Q

Countercurrent circulation / countercurrent exchange

A

pari artery and vine next to one another to transfer heat, P_O2, etc. in countercurrent circulation

General Biology II E3 (3 decks)

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