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243: Microbiology > Ch. 42: Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing > Flashcards

Ch. 42: Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the world’s most pressing public and animal health problems?

A

Antibiotic resistance

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2
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When a microbe changes or mutates in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections

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3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicine that inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms

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4
Q

_____ can provide codes that allow bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics?

A

DNA

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5
Q

What are 3 ways bacteria can act antibiotically resistant?

A
  1. Neutralize the antibiotic before it can do harm
  2. Rapidly pump the antibiotic out
  3. Change the antibiotic attack site so that it can’t affect the function of the bacteria
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6
Q

It is _____ and not animals, that become resistant to drugs.

A

Microbes

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7
Q

The most common mutation/form of antimicrobial resistance involves what?

A

Extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)

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8
Q

What is B-lactamases also known as?

A

Penicillinase

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9
Q

What are B-lactamases?

A

Enzymes produced by some bacteria that provide multiresistant to B-lactam antibiotics that break down the antibiotic structure

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10
Q

What are B-lactam antibiotics typically used for?

A

Treating infections with a broad spectrum of G+ and G- bacteria

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11
Q

What are examples of B-lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, and cephamycins

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12
Q

What is the common element in all B-lactam antibiotics?

A

A four-atom ring known as a B-lactam

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13
Q

How is the bacteria able to break down B-lactam antibiotics?

A

Through hydrolysis, lactamase produced by the bacteria cleaves the B-lactam ring, deactivating the antibacterial properties of the medication

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14
Q

What bacterial species are examples of ESBLs?

A

E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and other G- rods

These are often also resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and other antimicrobials

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15
Q

What are the four ways bacteria can acquire DNA for antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Tranformation
  3. Transduction
  4. Transposition
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16
Q

What way of bacteria acquiring DNA is most common?

A

Conjucation

17
Q

Transformation and Transduction typically occur between what bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are the same or closely-related species

18
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes

19
Q

Conjucation is encoded by what structures?

A

Plasmids or transposons

Plasmids is most common

20
Q

What are transposons?

A

Mobile sections of DNA that can move between or within genomes

Aka transposable elements or jumping genes

21
Q

Conjugation requires _____ contact between cells.

A

Direct

22
Q

What bacteria have a conjugation pilus (F-pilus or sex pilus) that allow for conjugation?

A

Gram-negtive

It is not known how Gram-positive are able to do this

23
Q

What is DNA transformation?

A

When bacteria take up extra-cellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes (Usually from lysed cells that release their contents)

24
Q

What are “competent” bacteria?

A

Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA

25
Q

What is cell “recombination”?

A

The rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes

26
Q

What is DNA transduction?

A

DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage (A virus that infects bacteria)

27
Q

Viruses can not replicate on their own and are known as what?

A

Obligate parasites

28
Q

What are the two kinds of transduction?

A

Generalized and specialized

29
Q

What are examples of penicillin antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Methicillin

30
Q

What are examples of cephalosporins?

A

Cephalexin, Cephazolin, and Ceftazidime

243: Microbiology (11 decks)

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