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243: Microbiology > Ch 37: Intro To Microbiology > Flashcards

Ch 37: Intro To Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary purpose of microbiology examinations?

A

To identify bacterial pathogens

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2
Q

________ pathogens are numerous, but techniques, for the evaluation of samples isn’t common.

A

Viral

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3
Q

What are the three categories of abnormal microbiology samples?

A

Bacteria, fungi, and viruses

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4
Q

Prokaryote definition

A

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

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5
Q

Bacteria are small and are classified as what kind of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

In most bacterial cellular organisms, organelles are absent except for what structures?

A

Cell walls, plasma membranes, and ribosomes

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7
Q

Endospore definiton

A

A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacterial cells

The dormant form of a bacteirum; intracellular refractile bodies that are reistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation

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8
Q

What are the specific requirements of bacteria?

A

Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, and nutrition

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9
Q

Bacteria can be described on the basis of their requirements for oxygen in which categories?

A

Obligate aerobes/anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophilic organisms, or capnophilic organisms

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10
Q

What is the required pH for bacteria?

A

6.5-7.5

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11
Q

What are bacteria that require oxygen to survive referred to as?

A

Obligate aerobes

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12
Q

Bacteria that are killed in the presence of oxygen (and growth is inhibited) are known as what?

A

Obligate anaerobes

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13
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can survive in the absence of oxygen, but their growth is limited

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14
Q

Microaerophilic definition

A

An organism that requires oxygen for growth at the level that is less than that found in air

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15
Q

Capnophilic definiton

A

An organism that requires high levels of carbon dioxide for growth

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16
Q

What is a simple definition of facultative?

A

Option/discretionary

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17
Q

Culture media types are chosen for different bacteria based on what requirements of the bacteria?

A

Their nutritional requirements

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18
Q

What are fastidious microbes?

A

Describing a bacterial species with complex growth or nutritional requirements

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19
Q

Pathogenic definition

A

(Of a bacterium, virus, or microorganism) Causing disease

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20
Q

Nearly all bacteria that are pathogenic to animals grow best at what temperature? And what are these organisms called?

A

20-40 degrees Celsius

Referred to as Mesophils

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21
Q

What organisms demonstrate optimal growth at cold temperatures (Between 15-20 C)

A

Psychrophiles/Cryophiles

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22
Q

Organisms that undergo optimal growth at elevated temperatures are _________

A

Thermophiles

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23
Q

What are the criteria for characterizing bacteria?

A

Size, shape, arrangement, and chemical reactivity

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24
Q

Bacteria can be organized into what three categories based on shape?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillu
  3. Spiral
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25
Q

What is the plural of coccus?

A

Cocci

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26
Q

What shape is coccus bacteria?

A

Spherical/round

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27
Q

What is an example of coccus bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus (causative agent of mastitis)

Long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that causes disease in humans

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28
Q

What shape is bacillus bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped or like cylinders

29
Q

What is an example of bacillus bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax)

30
Q

Spiral bacteria are also referred to as what?

A

Spirochetes

31
Q

Types of spirochetes and what they can cause

A
  1. Loose spirals: ex. Borrelia anserina, causes avian borreliosis
  2. Tight spirals: ex. Leptospira Pomona, causes red water disease in cattle
  3. Comma-shaped spirals: ex. campylobacter fetus, causes abortion in cattle
32
Q

What are additional but not commonly categorized shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccobacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria that may stain in so that they take on the appearance of two cocci in a pair

Pleomorphic: Shapes that range from cocci to rods

33
Q

What the different ways bacteria may be arranged?

A
  1. Single (ex. Spirilla and most bacilli)
  2. Pairs (ex. streptococcus pneumonia (diplococcus))
  3. Clusters (ex. staphyloccocus aureus)
  4. Chains (ex. streptococcus species)
  5. Palisades (ex. Chinese letter pattern, corynebacterium species)
34
Q

Organisms within what genera are spore formers?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

35
Q

Name the three categories of spores

A
  1. Central (Present in the center of the cell, ex. bacillus anthracis)
  2. Subterminal (Near the end of the cell, ex. clostridium chauvoei)
  3. Terminal (At the end of the cell, ex. clostridium tetani)
36
Q

Are special spore stains required for identifying endospores?

A

No, endospores can usually be visualized as nonstaining bodies in gram-stained samples

37
Q

The location of a spore on a cell can help to identify what about the bacteria?

A

The species of the bacteria

38
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

39
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Primarily by binary fission (Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies)

40
Q

What are the four distinct phases of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential growth phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Logarithmic decline phase
41
Q

What is the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

The time during which the bacteria are adapting their metabolism to use the resources found on their new media

42
Q

What is the exponential growth phase of bacterial growth?

A

Aka doubling time or generation time. This is variable with species and environmental conditions. This phase continues until essential nutrients are depleted, toxic waste products accumulate, or space becomes limiting

43
Q

What is the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

The time during which the total numbers of cells show no net increase or decrease. The length of this phase is also variable

44
Q

What is the logarithmic decline phase of bacterial growth?

A

Aka death phase, not the same rate as the initial growth

45
Q

Spore formation usually occurs during which bacterial growth phase?

A

Logarithmic decline phase

46
Q

Heterotroph definition

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter

47
Q

Fungi are heterotrophs, and they may be ______ or _______

A

Parasitic or saprophytic

48
Q

Most fungi are multicellular, except what?

A

Yeasts

49
Q

Fungi contain what kind of cells?

A

Eukaryotic with cell walls composed of chitin

50
Q

What are the large webs of slender tubes called on fungal organisms?

A

Hyphae

51
Q

What is the purpose of fungal hyphae?

A

These webs grow toward food sources

Fungi digest their food externally, through the release of digestive enzymes, and then bring the resulting small molecules into the hyphae

52
Q

Hyphae make up a branching web called a ______

A

Mycelium

53
Q

Hyphae can be described as what two things?

A

Septate or non-septate

54
Q

Fungal organisms may have a reproductive structure called what?

A

A fruiting body that produces and releases reproductive cells called spores

55
Q

Yeasts reproduce by _____ rather than spore formation

A

Budding

56
Q

What are the examples of asexual spores produced by fungi?

A

Sporangiospores or Conidia

57
Q

What are the examples of sexual spores produced by fungi?

A

Ascospores, Basidiospores, and Zygospores

58
Q

Pathogenic fungal organisms can be categorized into what four groups based on the type of reproductive structures present?

A
  1. Basidiomycetes (Mushrooms or club fungi)
  2. Ascomycetes (Cup fungi)
  3. Zygomycetes (Molds)
  4. Deuteromycetes (Aka fungi imperfecti because no known sexual stage occurs)
59
Q

What two structures can aid in the identification of the fungal species?

A
  • Hyphae structure
  • Presence of spores
60
Q

Most virology techniques are performed in specialized laboratories.

True or False?

A

True

61
Q

What is included in specialized virology techniques?

A
  • Histopathologic and serologic examination
  • Electron microscopy
  • Attempted isolation and identification of the virus
62
Q

Serologic tests are available for most viral diseases. Some may require paired serum samples that are collected how far apart?

A

2-3 weeks apart

63
Q

Epizootic definition

A

Temporarily present and widespeard in an animal population

64
Q

Samples for virology testing must be collected aseptically and kept at what temperature?

A

4 C

65
Q

Bacteria can be grown on ______ agar, while viruses need _____ cells in which to grow and replicate

A

Nutrient; Living

66
Q

What is an in vitro?

A

A process performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism or the organism’s natural environment

67
Q

Inoculation definiton

A

The study of introducing microorganisms into environments where they will grow and reproduce. For example, inoculation is adding a certain type of nutrient or chemical into a suspension of bacteria

68
Q

To identify a virus in a pathogen, you can grow the virus in a lab or the virus _______ or _______ can be assayed.

A

Antigens; antibodies

69
Q

Some cells divide indefinitely and are used for virus isolation. What are these cells called?

A

Continuous cell lines

(Come from fetal kidney, embryonic trachea, skin, and other cells, are derived from monkeys, dogs, cattle, pigs, cats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, and others).

243: Microbiology (11 decks)

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