CH. 41 OBSTETRICS Flashcards
expulsion of the fetus from any cause before the 20th week of gestation
abortion
a premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus
abruptio placenta
a watery fluid that provides the fetus with a weightless environment in which to develop
amniotic fluid
when the amniotic fluid and fetal cells enter the pregnant woman’s pulmonary and circulatory system through the placenta via the umbilical veins causing an exaggerated allergic response from the woman’s body
amniotic fluid embolism
the fluid filled bag like membrane in which the fetus develops
amniotic sac
a scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of five areas of assessment
Apgar scoring system
an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina characterized by burning itching pain and a fishy smell
bacterial vaginosis
the term for an oocyte once it has been fertilized and multiplies into cells
blastocyst
a plug of mucus sometimes mixed with blood expelled from the dilating cervix and discharged form the vagina
bloody show
a delivery in which the buttocks come out first
breech presentation
a vaginal infection that is not technically a sexually transmitted infection and most common in a pregnant female; also called thrush or yeast infection
candidiasis
a situation in which the head of the fetus is larger than the woman’s pelvis and a C-section is required
cephalopelvic disproportion
the interior of the cervix
cervical canal
the narrowest portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
cervix
an STD transmitted from the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and has the highest incidence in STDs; signs and symptoms include inflammation of the urethra, epididymis, cervix, and fallopian tubules, and discharge from the urethra
chlamydia
a disease of the liver that only occurs during pregnancy and in which hormones affect the gallbladder by slowing down or blocking normal bile flow from the liver; most common system is profuse, painful itching of the hands and feet
cholestasis
a blood pressure that is equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg which exists prior to pregnancy occurring before the 20th week of pregnancy or continues to persist postpartum
chronic hypertension
expulsion of all products of conception from the uterus
complete abortion
the remains of a follicle after an oocyte has been released and which secretes progesterone
corpus luteum
the appearance of the newborn’s body part (usually the head) at the vaginal opening at the beginning of labor
crowning
a herpesvirus that can produce the symptoms of prolonged high fever, chills, headache, malaise, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
seizures that result from severe hypertension in a pregnant woman
eclampsia
an egg that attaches outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube
ectopic pregnancy
thinning and shortening of the cervix; this is a normal process that occurs as the uterus contracts
effacement
intentional expulsion of the fetus
elective abortion
the fetus in the earliest stages after fertilization
embryo
the innermost layer of tissue in the uterus
endometrium
an incision in the perineal skin made to prevent tearing during childbirth
episiotomy
the vehicles of transportation of the ova from the ovaries to the uterus; also called the oviducts
fallopian tubes
a situation in which the a fetus is large usually weighing more than 4500 grams or almost 9 pounds; known as large for gestational age
fetal macrosomia
the developing unborn infant inside the uterus
fetus
the stage of labor that begins with the onset of regular labor pains, crampy abdominal pains during which the uterus contracts and the cervix effaces
first stage of labor
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that is important in the menstrual cycle
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
the dome shaped top of the uterus
fundus
the time that it takes for the fetus to develop in utero, usually 38 weeks
gestational period
an STD that results from infection caused by gonococcal bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; sign and symptoms include pus containing discharge from the urethra and painful urination in men and acute abdomen in women
gonorrhea
the total number of times pregnant including the current pregnancy
gravid
a term used to refer to the number of times a woman has been pregnant regardless of the outcome
gravidity
three or more consecutive pregnancies that end in miscarriage
habitual abortion
an infection of the genitals, buttocks, or anal area caused by HSV type 1 or 2
herpes
an infection that causes AIDS
HIV
the most common STD that can cause genital warts and some types of cancer
human papilloma virus (HPV)
a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid; also known as polyhydramnios
hydramnios
a condition of persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
hyperemesis gravidarum
a spontaneous abortion that cannot be prevented
imminent abortion
expulsion of the fetus that results in some products of conception remaining in the uterus
incomplete abortion
the mechanism by which the fetus and the placenta are expelled from the uterus
labor
in pregnancy a feeling of relief of pressure in the upper abdomen; a premonitory sign of labor
lightening
the vaginal discharge of blood and mucus that occurs following delivery of a newborn; usually lasts several days and then gradually decreases over the weeks following delivery
lochia
a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the process of ovulation
luteinizing hormone (LH)
a dark greenish black material in the amniotic fluid that indicates fetal distress
meconium
a situation in which a fetus has died during the first 20 weeks of gestation, but has remained in utero
missed abortion
the middle layer of tissue in the uterus
myometrium
a situation in which the umbilical cord is wrapped around the fetus’s neck; a cord compression that may occur during labor causing the fetal heart rate to slow down
nuchal cord
an egg produced from the female ovary
oocyte
a process in which an ovum is released from a follicle
ovulation
a mature oocyte
ovum
the number of live births
para
number of live births a woman has had
parity
the outer protective layer of tissue in the uterus
perimetrium
the tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord
placenta
a condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix
placenta previa
the period of time after a woman has given birth
postpartum
a condition of late pregnancy that involves gradual onset of hypertension headache visual changes and swelling of hands and feet; also called pregnancy-induced hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy
preeclampsia
high blood pressure that develops after the 20th week of pregnancy in women with previously normal blood pressures and resolves spontaneously in the postpartum period
pregnancy induced hypertension
the state of pregnant woman before birth
prenatal
a hormone that influences the second phase of the menstrual cycle when the oocyte is either fertilized or dies
progesterone
a situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the newborn
prolapsed umbilical cord
a protein found on the red blood cells of most people; when a woman without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, the woman’s body can create antibodies against the protein and attack future pregnancies
Rh factor
a viral disease similar to measles, best known by the distinctive red rash on the skin; not nearly as infectious or severe as measles
rubella
the stage of labor in which the newborn’s head enters the birth canal, during which contractions become more intense and more frequent
second stage of labor
a life threatening emergency in which the uterus becomes infected following any type of infection
septic abortion
a complication of delivery in which there is difficulty delivering the shoulders of a newborn, the shoulder cannot get past the woman’s symphysis pubis
shoulder dystocia
expulsion of the fetus that occurs naturally; also called a miscarriage
spontaneous abortion
low blood pressure resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the woman is supine
supine hypotensive syndrome
an STD that manifests in three stages and transmitted through direct contact with open sores; commonly found in the genital region and observed as a lesion or open sore
syphilis
the stage of labor in which the placenta is expelled
third stage of labor
expulsion of the fetus that is attempting to take place but has not yet occurred; usually occurs in the first trimester
threatened abortion
an infection caused by a parasite that pregnant may get by eating contaminated food
toxoplasmosis
a delivery in which the fetus lies crosswise in the uterus; one hand may protrude through the vagina
transverse presentation
a parasitic infection caused by a single parasite transmitted through sexual contact; may be asymptomatic or characterized by frothy, yellow green vaginal discharge with strong odor, irritation, and itching of the female genital area, discomfort during intercourse, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain
trichomoniasis
the conduit connecting the pregnant woman to the fetus via the placenta; contains two arteries and one vein
umbilical cord
the interior of the body of the uterus
uterine cavity
a potentially fatal complication of childbirth in which the placenta fails to detach properly and results in the uterus turning inside out
uterine inversion
a muscular inverted pear-shaped organ that lies situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum
uterus
a tubular organ lined with mucous membranes, that is the power portion of the brith canal
vagina
